Selimiye ve Üç Nehir (Şiir)

Rumelinde Gevgili

Şiir: Levent Ağaoğlu (Şair) Seslendirme: Gönül Dilek (Şair)

Gevgili Kuzey Makedonya

Şiir: Levent Ağaoğlu (Şair) Seslendirme: Gönül Dilek (Şair)

Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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Travel and leisure magazine istanbul: A Guide For First Time Travelers

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: The Complete Guide to Planning, Exploring, and Experiencing Istanbul, Turkey – Including Where to Stay, Top Attractions, ... (Discover Asia: City-by-City Travel Guides)

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Istanbul Travel Pack (Globetrotter Travel Packs)

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Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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The Turkish Cookbook

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026–2027: Palaces, Bazaars, Bosphorus Crossings, and the Asian Side, with Transit Cards, Opening Hours, and Where Locals Actually Eat

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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High Albania

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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300 yeni kavram ile 600 den fazla proje.

D-7 Projeleri: Kavramlar ve Tezler (A-Z)

*************************************

20. yüzyıl’ın son çeyreğinden itibaren 50 yıldır bocalamakta olan Türkiye açısından yedi ana başlık altında kapsamlı projeler demetini sorunlara çözüm olarak geliştirmiş bulunmaktayız.

Projelerin ana çekirdeğini oluşturan kavram ise Türk Mefkuresidir. Muhafazakarlığı dini manada değil ama kimliği koruma anlamında kullanmaktayız.  Muhafaza edilmesi gereken de Türk kimliğidir ve burada ise din değil ama dil kavramı kaldıraç olarak kullanılmıştır.

Davası olmayan bir proje mümkün değildir, dava da Türk Mefkûresidir. 

Türk kimliği, geçmişteki 50 yıl boyunca her taraftan saldırıya uğratılmış ve erimeye yüz tutmuştur. Mefkure doğrultusunda bu kimliğin yeniden canlandırılması, kuvvetlendirilmesi elzemdir. 1990’lı  yıllara kadar sadece Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile var olan, var olmaya çalışan Türk kimliği, çok daha sonra Berlin duvarının yıkıldığı doksanlı yılların başlangıcı ile birlikte Türkistan Cumhuriyetleri de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin yanında yer almaya başlamış ve neticede Türk Devletler Teşkilatı kurulmuştur.

Söz konusu teşkilat sekiz ülkeyle ayakta kalmaya çalışmaktadır ve fakat 58 ülkede Türk dili konuşulduğu için Türkofon Uluslar Topluluğu oluşturularak Türk dili bazlı ayrı bir yapılanmanın da başlatılması gerekmektedir. Çünkü Türklük dil ile var olacaktır. 

Bugün 2,5 milyar nüfuslu İngiliz Uluslar Topluluğunun içinde İngiltere’nin nüfusu sadece 70 milyon bile değildir. Ama İngiliz dili 53 ülkeyi İngiliz uluslar topluluğu bünyesine bağlamaktadır.

Amerikan tezleri doğrultusunda sadece İslamiyet ile tanımlanan Türk kimliği ise Türklerin içinde yer aldığı yedi dini de kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmeli ve bu şekilde birlik duygusu daha genişliğine yaşatılmalıdır.

Türk Mefkuresi, dil üzerinden yaygınlaştırılmadığı için 300 milyon nüfusu aşamamaktadır. 

Bu kısıtlı nüfusun aşılarak milyarlara ulaşılması için ise ancak Türkçe’nin Afrika, Hindistan, Balkanlar gibi bölgelerde öğretilmesi ve canlı bir ticaret ve iletişim dili haline gelmesi ile mümkün olacaktır.

Düşünce Gücü ile gerçekleştirilecek, fiili hale getirilecek projelere yeni projeler de eklenecektir. Türklerin düşünce gücünün merkezinde ise bilgelik yer aldığı için projeler hızla hayata geçirilecektir.

Burada Dış Dünya olgusu da son derece önemlidir, çünkü dış dünyada gözlemlenecek gelişmeler ve yenilikler, proje yapılarının içerisine adapte olacaktır. Türklerdeki en büyük değişim ve dönüşüm, Transformasyon tabiri ile dış dünyayı Türklere açan Turgut Özal sayesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir ve bu açılımlar daha da kuvvetlendirilerek, Dijital Çağda yapay zeka ve  yazılım dilinde Türkçenin esas alınması (ki Türkçenin yazılım konusundaki imkanları sonsuzdur) Türkleri yeni ufuklara ulaştıracaktır.

Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Rough Guides Turkiye: Travel Guide with eBook: 2026-2027 | Insider Tips | Must-See Sights | Maps & Itineraries | Covers: Istanbul, Cappadocia, the Turquoise Coast and more

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

(44541)

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Istanbul 50 Unsung Places

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Crescent & Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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After Happy Ever After: He thinks it's a normal holiday to Istanbul, she has other plans. (Adam's Adventures Book 4)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Turkey (Eyewitness Travel Guides)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

(44541)

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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God's Battalions: A Study of the Crusades, Christian Warfare, and the Fight for the Holy Land

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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Our World: Türkiye

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43578)

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Hakimiyet Sağlanan Denizler

Deniz                  Devlet Sayısı 

1. Hazar………………. 12
2. Karadeniz………….. 7
3. Umman Denizi……. 7
4. Basra………………. 6
5. Akdeniz……………  3
6. Kızıldeniz……………3
7. Pasifik Okyanusu..   2
8. Sarı Deniz…………..2
9. Adriyatik…………..  1
10. Atlas Okyanusu…….1
11. Hint Okyanusu……..1

Toplam 11 denizde hakimiyet sağlanmıştır.

En çok hakimiyetler sırasıyla;

• Hazar; 12 devlet
• Karadeniz; 7 devlet
• Umman Denizi; 7 devlet
• Basra; 6 devlet

denizlerinde tesis edilmiştir.

Sarı Deniz’i kıyılayan Çu Devletindan başlayarak, Hazar’a oradan da Baltık kıyılarındaki Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu’na ve Hint Okyanusu’na uzanan Akhun’lara kadar kurulan devletlerle 10’u aşkın deniz kenarlarında (Sarı Deniz- Baltık – Hint Okyanusu üçgeni) hakimiyet sağlayan Türkler, Selçuk ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Beş Deniz Bölgesi’ni (Hazar, Karadeniz, Akdeniz, Kızıldeniz, Basra) kontrolleri altına almışlardır.

Denizlerde Hakimiyet Sağlayan Devletler

Devlet                                                                                   Deniz Sayısı

1. Çu Devleti MÖ 1116-250: 866 yıl………………………………………. 1
2. Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Teoman MÖ 220- MS 216 : 436 yıl……. 2
3. Batı Hun İmparatorluğu Pi MÖ 48-MS 216: 264  yıl…………
4. Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu Balamir  375-469 : 94 yıl………………. 3
5. Ak Hun İmparatorluğu Aksuvar   420-552: 132 yıl………………….. 2
6. Göktürk Kağanlığı Bumin Kağan 552-745: 193 yıl………….. ……… 1
7. Avar Kağanlığı I. Bayan 565-835: 270 yıl……………………………… 2
8. Hazar Kağanlığı Böri Şad 651-983 : 332 yıl…………………………… 2
9. Uygur Kağanlığı   Kutluk Bilge Kül Kağan 742 – 840 : 98 yıl……….. 1
10. Karahanlı Devleti Bilge Kül Kadir Han 840-1212: 372 yıl…………..
11. Gazne Devleti Alp Tigin 962-1183: 220 yıl……………………………. 3
12. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti Tuğrul 1040-1157: 117 yıl………………….. 6
13. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti: 1075 – 1308: 233 yıl……………………..  1
14. Harezmşahlar Devleti Kutbeddin Muhammed/1097-1231:134 yıl..  3
15. Altın Orda Devleti Batu Han 1236-1502: 266 yıl…………………….  2
16. Memluk Sultanlığı, 1250-1517: 267 yıl………………………………..  2
17. Timur İmparatorluğu Timur 1368-1501: 133 yıl…………………….  4
18. Safevi Devleti   1501 – 1736: 235 yıl………………………………….  3
19. Babür İmparatorluğu Babür 1526-1858: 332 yıl…………………….  1
20. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Osman Gazi 1299-1922: 623 yıl…………..  6

Denizlerdeki Devletler:

• Sarı Deniz: Çu Devleti, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu
• Hazar Denizi: Büyük Hun, Batı Hun, Avrupa Hun, AkHun,  Göktürk Kağanlığı, Hazar Kağanlığı, Gazne Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, Harezmşahlar Devleti, Altın Orda Devleti, Timur İmparatorluğu, Safevi Devleti, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
• Baltık/Kuzey Buz Denizi: Avrupa Hun İmp
• Atlas Okyanusu: Avrupa Hun İmp
• Karadeniz: Avrupa Hun, Hazar Kağanlığı, Büyük Selçuklu, Anadolu Selçuklu, Altın Orda İmp, Timur İmp, Osmanlı İmp
• Kızıldeniz: Büyük Selçuklu, Osmanlı İmp
• Basra: Gazne Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, Harezmşahlar Devleti, Timur İmp, Safevi Devleti, Osmanlı İmp
• Hint Okyanusu: Akhun İmp, Gazne Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devlet, Harezmşahlar Devleti, Timur İmp, Safevi Devleti, Babür İmp
• Adriyatik: Osmanlı İmp
• Akdeniz: Büyük Selçuklu İmp, Osmanlı İmp
• Pasifik Okyanusu: Göktürk Kağanlığı, Uygur Kağanlığı

En çok deniz hakimiyeti sağlayan devletler;

• Osmanlı Devleti
• Büyük Selçuklu Devleti
• Timur İmparatorluğu

şeklinde sıralanmıştır.

DENİZLER ÜÇGENİ

• Akdeniz Havzası: 16 Devlet
• Hazar Havzası: 11 Devlet
• Karadeniz Havzası: 5 Devlet
• Karasal: 2 Devlet (Uygur Kağanlığı, Karahanlılar)

Toplam: 34 Devlet

Istanbul 50 Unsung Places

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Rough Guides Turkiye: Travel Guide with eBook: 2026-2027 | Insider Tips | Must-See Sights | Maps & Itineraries | Covers: Istanbul, Cappadocia, the Turquoise Coast and more

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The Turkish Cookbook

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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After Happy Ever After: He thinks it's a normal holiday to Istanbul, she has other plans. (Adam's Adventures Book 4)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026–2027: Palaces, Bazaars, Bosphorus Crossings, and the Asian Side, with Transit Cards, Opening Hours, and Where Locals Actually Eat

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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Atatürk’te D7

D-7: Dava. Devlet. Dil. Din. Düşünce. Dış Dünya. Dijital Çağ        

Türklerin Dinleri

Tonyukuk Yazıtında Yedi

7 Turkeys

Türk İnsanı’nın Ruhu 7K1N

YerAdları Y7

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Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: The Complete Guide to Planning, Exploring, and Experiencing Istanbul, Turkey – Including Where to Stay, Top Attractions, ... (Discover Asia: City-by-City Travel Guides)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Istanbul Travel Pack (Globetrotter Travel Packs)

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Easy Turkish Phrase Book for Travel: 1500+ Essential Phrases for Vacation, Restaurants, Hotels & Everyday Conversations in Turkey: The Ultimate Guide ... Local Slang & Essential Survival Phrases

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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The Turkish Cookbook

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God's Battalions: A Study of the Crusades, Christian Warfare, and the Fight for the Holy Land

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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High Albania

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Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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******************************************

DÖNÜŞTÜRÜLEMEYEN KÖYLÜLÜK

GÖRGÜSÜZLÜK

ÖĞRETİM VE EĞİTİM SORUNU

EPİSTEMİK TUZAK

ADALET

DEVLET AKLI

******************************************

DÖNÜŞTÜRÜLEMEYEN KÖYLÜLÜK

• Osmanlı ordusunun ve tarımının ciddi yükünü hep taşıyan Anadolu
• Gelişmemiş bir tarım toplumunun dünyaya ufki bakması beklenemezdi.
• Gayrimüslim komşularımızın Anadolu’dan acı tasfiyesi belki bazı güvenlik endişelerini giderse de kültür, sanat, ticaret ve ötekine hoşgörü anlayışında büyük boşluklar doğurdu.
• Kasaba sağcılığının gerekçesini de bu durum teşkil etti. Dönüşemeyen köylülük bu mirası yağma ve talan dışında pek değerlendiremedi.
• Balkan ve Kafkas savaşları ve bugüne yönelik de hiç duramayan iç ve dış göç farklı bir taşra ve yağma kültürü oluşturdu. Siyaset bunun üzerinden yürüdü. Buna ilişkin Kâzım Karabekir’in, 29 Ekim 1938’de günlüğüne düştüğü “Akşam ailece Kadıköy ve Üsküdar’a gittik. Seviye günden güne düşüyor. Hele Üsküdar Sahili’nde oturacak insanca bir yer yok. Halk köyden veya muhaceretten gelmiş gibi…” notu güzel bir örnektir.

GÖRGÜSÜZLÜK

• Söz konusu taşralı zihniyetin hep var olması toplumsal ve siyasal hayatta “görgüsüzlük sorununu” hep yanında taşımıştır.
• Görgüsüzlük sorunu ülkenin sermaye birikiminin kültür, eleştirel düşünce ve sanat alanına yansımasını engellemiştir.
• Siyaseten ve ekonomi de genelde kamu yağmasıyla güçlenen görgüsüz aktörler vasatın altında bir zihniyeti ve toplumsal dönüşümü tetiklemişlerdir.
• Osmanlı reformları ve cumhuriyet devrimleri -özellikle sanayi nefise mektepleri, harp okulları, öğretmen okulları, Köy Enstitüleri ve askeri liselerde- Anadolu’nun çocuklarının ihtiyacı olan görgüyü öğretebildi. Bugün seküler burjuvazi ve kısmi gelenekli aristokraside görgü sorunu yoktur.
• Ancak güç ve iktidara ulaşan mahallelide her kesimiyle bir görgü sorunu mevcuttur. Görgü sorunu bu kesimde kültürel iktidar ve otoriterlik sorununu da üretmektedir.

ÖĞRETİM VE EĞİTİM SORUNU

• Görgüsüzlüğün ısrarının örgütlediği bir diğer sorun ise öğretim ve eğitim sorunumuzdur. Akıl ve zeka özde çok farklı şeylerdir. Öğretim sistemimiz istikrarsızlığı-performansı bir yana tamamen zeka ve ezber odaklıdır. Akıl ve eleştirel bakış tamamen dışlanmıştır.
• Zeki-cin gibi esnaf, siyasetçi veya devlet diyebiliyoruz da akıllı esnaf, siyasetçi veya sağduyulu devlet diyememekteyiz.
• Zeka yarıştırmalı. Eğitim sistemimizi 2024 YKS sınav istatistikleri oldukça anlatıyor: 12 felsefe sorusundan ortalama doğru cevap oranı 1,9 ve 6 din sorusundan doğru cevap oranı 1,2…
• Batı’daki ciddi okulların öncelik hedefi esasta sanat ve spor derken öğrenciye görgüyü yüklemektir.
• İkinci hedefi ise nasıl düşüneceğini öğretebilmektir.
• Kemalist devrimlerin görgü yönü başarılıydı. Ancak nasıl düşünmeliyiz veya eleştireceğiz zihniyet farkı sorusuna verdiği cevabın taşra sağcılığından pek farkı yoktu. Buna güzel örnek, Şevket Süreyya Aydemir “Suyu Arayan Adam” kitabında, hapishane hatıralarındaki, şapka devriminden önce hasır şapka giyen tutukluyu şapka giydiği için tartaklayan hâkimin, devrimden sonraki ilk duruşmada bu sefer de niçin şapka giymediği için tartaklama sahnesidir.
• Osmanlı’nın endüstri devrimini kaçırdığı gibi ne yazık ki cumhuriyetimiz de ikinci yüzyılına girerken yapay zeka-dijital devrimi, kamu hazine yağması hedefli uydurma ideolojiler ve popülist beka tartışmaları ile kaçırmak üzeredir.
• Hiç merak etmeyen, eleştirel düşünceye tolerans göstermeyen, müphemliğin siyah-beyaz dünyasında yeri olmayan filozof ve entelektüel çıkartamayan bir toplumun endüstri ve dijital bilimsel devrimlerinin ne olduğunu idrak etmesi beklenmemeli.

EPİSTEMİK TUZAK

• Din ve bilim ikilemine esnafça al-sat yaklaşımı, göçebelik ve taşralılıktan kaynaklanan bilişsel çelişkiye-cognitive dissonanace (bilişsel çelişki) veya kendi kendimize kurduğumuz bir epistemik tuzağa bizleri çekmiştir.

ADALET

• Ülkenin bir diğer temel sorunu tabii ki adalettir. Ülkemizde yazılı olmayan bir sözlü kültürün varlığı, “sen bana güvenmiyor musun abi” mantığı, hesap sorulmasının-verilmesinin bir utanç olarak algılanması, güçlerin karşılıklı sınırlanamaması adalet ve refah sorununun özünü teşkil etmekte. Batı’da hâkim ve savcılar bir hayat mekanizması deneyiminden sonra öğretime alınırken bizde ise doğrudan devam zorunluluğu olmayan fakültelerde sosyalleşemeden mekanizmanın içinde deneyimsiz aktörlere büyük sorumlulukların verilmektedir.

• Ortak bir aidiyetin siyasilerce kişisel ikbal hırslarıyla tarihe ve ülkeye karşı sorumsuzca tahrip edilmesi, sürekli ötekileştirilenlerin arttırılması da kaygılandıran temel sorunlarımızdan biridir.

DEVLET AKLI

• Post emperyal travmayı hâlâ atlatamamış bürokrasimiz ve kaygılı kurucu unsurlarımız sorunlara karşı yok et ve ertele dışında sağduyu ve akla dayanan çözümler üretememektedirler. Denetlenebilir bir sağduyulu derin devlet aklının inşasına acil ihtiyaç vardır. Bu emekli ve suça bulaşmış unsurlarla değil ancak milletin vicdanı ve sağduyusuyla inşa edilebilecek bir şeydir. Eşiğinde bulunduğumuz üçlü kriz yani devlet-kurumlar, değerler ve vasatlık krizi acil siyasi çözüm beklemektedir.
• Kurumların, değerlerin işlemediği ve vasat altılığın hâkim olduğu bir sistem, Dr. Selçuk Şirin’in dediği gibi ne depreme ne orman yangınlarına ve ne de sığınmacı sorununa bir çözüm üretebilecektir.
• Türkiye’nin ihyası mümkün müdür? Evet mümkündür ancak yürürlükteki mevzuat ve aktörler buna ikna edilmiş seçmen desteği ile müsaade etmemektedirler.

Kaynak: https://medyascope.tv/2024/07/20/tarik-celenk-yazdi-turkiyenin-ihyasi-mumkun-mu-ii/

The Turkish Cookbook

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Travel and leisure magazine istanbul: A Guide For First Time Travelers

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High Albania

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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Konuklar: Türkiye-Azerbaycan Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Başkanı Prof. Dr. İbrahim Öztek, Şair-Düşünür Levent Ağaoğlu

Istanbul 50 Unsung Places

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

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Crescent & Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Travel Pack (Globetrotter Travel Packs)

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Rough Guides Turkiye: Travel Guide with eBook: 2026-2027 | Insider Tips | Must-See Sights | Maps & Itineraries | Covers: Istanbul, Cappadocia, the Turquoise Coast and more

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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Tanzimat Fermanının yayınlanmasından (1839) Cumhuriyetin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk‘ün vefatına (1938) kadar olan yüzyıllık dönemde Türkiye’nin geçildiği çalkantılar ve değişimler bu döneme yeniden bakışımızı zorunlu kılmaktadır.

19. yüzyıl ile birlikte çöküş süreci hızlanan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu çare olarak 1839 yılında Tanzimat’ı ve ardından da 1876 yılında birinci Meşrutiyeti uygulamaya başlamıştı. Her ikisine de Mutlakiyetin tepkisi gecikmemiş ve Sultan Abdülhamid Meşrutiyet daha henüz bir yılını doldurmadan İstibdad (Mutlakiyet) idaresini uygulamaya başlamış ve 33 yıl boyunca idame ettirmiştir.

Ardından 1909 yılında başlatılan ikinci Meşrutiyet de sorunlara çözüm getirememiş ve birinci Dünya Savaşı ile birlikte çöküşü daha da hızlanan İmparatorluk 1918 sonlarında tarihe karışmıştı.

Cumhuriyet idaresi ise bir Osmanlı paşası olan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Kurtuluş Savaşı sürecinde zihninde canlanan yegane bir çözüm süreciydi ve fikri olarak taraftarları olmamasına karşın 1923 sonlarına doğru bu tasavvurunu Türkiye Cumhuriyeti olarak bizzat uygulamaya başlamıştı.

Bunun arkasında yatan sebep ise Kurtuluş Savaşı sürecinde halkın gücünün savaşın kazanılmasında oynadığı önemli rol idi. Halka olan güveni, ki sürekli halkın içinde bulunmaktaydı, bu fikrini uygulama konusunda özgüvenini arttırmaktaydı.

Bu şekilde Türkler 1000 yılı aşkın bir süreci kapsayan meclissiz yani halkın iradesinin tecelli etmediği mutlakiyet rejimleri silsilesini,  imparatorluklar, hanedanlar, hanlıklar dönemini terk ederek Cumhuriyet ile buluşmuşlardır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın bitimi ile birlikte Cumhuriyet demokrasi ile taçlanacaktır.

Buradaki tayin edici özellik şudur ki Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet idareleri karşıt bir fikir ile (bu sultanın saltanatı istibdadı da olabilir ya da parti istibdadı da olabilir) İstibdad ile neticelenmiş, buna karşın Cumhuriyet idaresi kurulduktan hemen hemen çeyrek asır sonra demokratik bir rejime yol açmıştı.

Bu anlamda Cumhuriyet sürecinde demokrasinin darbelerle kesintiye uğratılması ise Türkiye’nin içinde bulunduğu stratejik konumdan ötürü batının kontrolü elinden kaybetme kaygısı ile ilgilidir.

Her üç yönetim biçimine de süreklilik açısından bakıldığında Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet 50 yılı dahi dolduramamış olmalarına rağmen Cumhuriyet yüzyıllık bir olgunluğa erişmiştir. Söz konusu süreklilik aslında Cumhuriyetin de çalkantılarla dolu bir dönem geçirmiş olmasına rağmen kalıcılığının göstergesidir. 1000 yıllık Mutlakiyet rejimlerinin  ardından Türkler, aslında gerçek özleri olan halka dayalı bir yönetim biçimine, Cumhuriyet’e kavuşmuşlardır.

Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43578)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

(44541)

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Insight Guides Turkiye: Travel Guide with eBook: 2026-2027 | Culture & Society | Must-See Sights | Stunning Photos | Expert Advice | Covers: Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus and more

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43578)

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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