Tezhip ve minyatür sanatlarına bakıldığında  köklerinin Pers ve Çin medeniyetleri ile ilgili olduğu  yazılmaktadır literatürde. Ve bu sanatlar kitap  sanatıyla kitapların  tezhip edilmesiyle ve minyatürler yolu ile minimize edilmesiyle ilgili kitapların sanat dalları olarak gözükmektedir. Burada bizim dikkat etmemiz gereken evrenin  bu sanatlar yolu ile minimize edilmesidir. Bu konuyu  teolojik açıdan biz değerlendirebiliriz ve bu açıdan bakıldığında ise Pers ve  Çin medeniyetlerinden daha önce aslında Türklerin evreni  tüm boyutlarıyla algıladıkları ve  teolojisini geliştirdikleri açıkça ortaya çıkmaktadır ki  Selçuklular ve Osmanlılar döneminde de bu sanatların zirveye ulaşmış olması aslında  Türklerin evrene ve yaradılışa ilişkin çok daha köklü bir zihin yapılarının olduğunu  ortaya sermektedir.

Biz burada bu sanatları sadece  din ile açıklamaya kalkarsak din neticede bir bölendir birleştiren değildir. Çünkü  ortada din yok dinler mezhepler tarikatlar söz konusudur. Fakat diğer yandan ise evren bir bütünlüktür, hareket ve  iletişimdir. Cansız varlıkların dahi hareket halinde oldukları  yapılarının hareket endeksli oldukları bilinmektedir. O zaman biz tezhip ve minyatür sanatlarına olan bakış açımızı Türklerin bu eski medeniyetlerinden çıkan İç Asya’dan çıkan, ki tasavvuf da bu nedenle Türklerde son derece gelişkin bir yapıdır, açıklamamız daha uygun olacaktır diye düşünüyorum.

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EKONOMİ

Dış Yatırımlar ve İhracat için Cazip Şehirler, Çin Örneği ve Türkiye 

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ES

Kültürel gelişim kolay bir şey değil. Başka bir şeye dönersek soyutlamaya. Yıldırım düşmüştü. Ağac yanmıştı. Peki bir şey yandı ve ortada kül kaldı. Nereye gitti bu odun veya ağaç? Ne oldu? Çıkan ne? İnsan oğlu bunu da soyutlamaya çalıştı kafasında. Dolayısıyla bu canlıydı. 5 dakika önce canlıydı. Şimdi cansız. Bakın can cansız. Düşündü. Dedi ki o can diye çizdiği es diye çizdiği şeyin o olduğuna karar verdi çizgi olarak o soyutlamayı yaptı ve buradan kendisine kelimeler türetmeye çalıştı. Ek iledi kök iledi arkasına önüne bir şeyler getirmişti. Mesela o boz gibi. O boz aynı zamanda o Zeus’a da kaynaklık edecek hayata ilgili olarak. Onu bir kenara yazın.

ES

Şimdi es kelimesine bakalım. Bu çizgi şeklindeki damgası olan es kelimesi canlı anlamda ve hala yaşıyor. Hala kullanıyoruz. Örneklerini yazdım. Bugün ne diyoruz? Esen esenlik esrik yani sarhoşluk eser isimsiz bunların bakın kökü hep aynı. Es Latincesi ya giderseniz sense İngilizcede kullanılan Türkçe’den gelmiş olabileceğini tahmin eder miydiniz? Es ve is can ruh hatırlatma düşünce sahiplik ve gibi çok anlama geliyor zamanla yayılıyor. Bugün yaşayan bir kök hiç değişmeden yaşayan.

OZ. OZAN

Bunu gramatik olarak ilişkilendirirken şuradaki oz dedik ya oz kelimesinin aslında Batılılar kendileri çok geç kullandılar. Biz çok erken kullandık. Fakat oz kelimesinin tam karşılığı essedir sensedir yani. Bakın hayatla canla ilgili durduruyor. Dolayısıyla bunları bugün dilcilerimiz inceleyemiyor.

Ozu ozmaz olmak olarak bir yerde bu öldükten sonra canının bu dünyadan öbür dünyaya geçmesi ozmak. Şimdi bu tam yere gelen mesken şu an söyleyelim. Bizim dilimizde ozan kelimesi hala yaşıyor değil mi? Ne demek ozan? Şiiri yazan adam mı demek? Hayır. Şiiri yazmak için esrik kalmanız lazım yani başka bir alemde olmanız lazım. Onu kastediyor. Türkçe böyle güzel bir dil. Ozan kelimesindeki ne en sonundaki ne de kişinin bunu kendi içinde yaptığını gösteren bir ek. Kendi kendine yaptığını gösteriyor. Yani ozan hem esrik bir kişidir hem düşüncesi hayatı yorumlayan bir kişidir. Hayatın öte dünya dediniz ya ozmak dediniz ya. Bir anlamda ozan kişidir. Yani öte dünyaya gidip gelen kişidir. Yani hem de duyabilen kişidir yani kısmen yine.

Ozmak dedik Zeus dedik. Şimdi bunların bir ortaklığı var dünyada Siz hayatı yorumlayan bir kişidir. Hayatın öte dünya dediniz ya, ozmak dediniz ya bir anlamda ozan kişidir. Yani öte dünyaya gidip gelen kişidir. Yani hem de seslenen hem de duyabilen kişidir yani. Ozmak dedik, Zeus dedik. Şimdi bunların bir ortaklığı var. Dünya tarihi bunu böyle yazmasa da bunun bir ortaklığı var. Ozmak dediğimiz bizim Türkçede kullandığımız öte dünyaya geçiş aşamasıdır. Bu ne ile olur, ne ile ilgilidir? Ateşle. Türkler başta da soyutlamada söylediğimiz gibi ateş düşüyor yıldırım düşüyor canı yok ediyor, canı küle çevirdi. Ne yaptı? Duman olarak yukarı çıkardı. Yani ozdurdu onu. Vücudunu yakarak içindeki canın öte ulaşmasını sağlama. Hem yakıyor hem ateşliyor ve içindeki yaşayan şey can diyelim onu alıyor yukarı götürüyor. Zeus ile ilgili olarak Kazım Mirşan Bey çok uzun çalışmaları var.

Türk yazıtlarında geçen oz geçen içinde birçok kelimeyi çevirdi. Biz birkaç tane buraya örnek koyduk ama hepsinde bu öte dünyaya ulaşma ile ilgili bir ifade açık açık da bugün de okusanız anlarsınız. Ozu içiu diyor. İçiu ne demek tahmin edin? Yani senin içinle ilgili yani senin içinle nedir? Tanrı katından geldin sen. Tanrı yarattı. Senin içinde orasıdır. Dolayısıyla bugün tasavvufta yaşayan veya Anadolu felsefesinde yaşayan tanrı ve insan ilişkisi o zamanlarda bu hecelerle bu kelimelerle anlatılmış. Ateş, ozmak bunları bir de yan yana kullanıyor. O tozluyor mesela diktiği Asya’da diktiği taşlara anıtlara o tozluyor taşları diyor. Bu ozmak ve hayat ve tanrı ve öte dünya baştan beri en önemli konu. Bugün Kazakistan’ daki bütün o kayalardaki yazıtların en az üçte biri gökyüzü, ozmak, ateş yanmakla ilgilidir.

İsmet Zeki Eyüboğlu; OZAN, OZMAK

Hatice Şirin, Eski Türk Yazıtları Söz Varlığı; OZ

Kül Tigin Yazıtı; OZ

Bilge Kağan Yazıtı; OZ

OTOZ

Erol Bey burada isterseniz izleyiciye şunu hatırlatalım. Eskişehir Han ilçesi Yazılıkaya’daki bizim anıtımız aslında otoz ateş aracıyla Hakk’ın cesedinin yakılarak göre ulaşmasını sağlama törenini 17 metre yüksekliğinde muhteşem bir eser. Üzerinde iki tane bozulmamış yazıtımız var ki harflerin büyüklüğü 45 cm bir tanesi 53 öbürkü 46 harften meydana geliyor. Hemen hemen onun bir 500 600 metre ilerisinde küçük Yazılıkaya‘da bu sefer altı satır aynı yazıt var. Yani Ankara‘nın Eskişehir‘in Şimdi burada isterseniz izleyiciye şunu hatırlatalım Eskişehir Han İlçesi Yazılıkaya’daki bizim anıtımız aslında otoz ateş aracıyla  cesedini yakarak göğe ulaşmasını sağlama törenini 17 m yüksekliğinde muhteşem bir eser Üzerinde iki tane bozulmamış yazıtımız var ki harflerin büyüklüğü 45 cm 53 öbür ki 46 harften meydana geliyor Hemen hemen onun bir 500-600 m ilerisinde küçük Yazılıkaya’da bu sefer altı satır aynı yazıt var Yani Ankara‘nın Eskişehir‘in Bursa‘nın İstanbul‘un çok rahatlıkla ulaşılacak bir yerinde bir anıtı şu anda durmakta ve bunun üzerindeki yazılar Kazım Mirşan tarafından okundu açıklandı yazıldı Şu ana kadar siz olumlu veya olumsuz herhangi bir tenkit gördünüz mü Yok hayır zaten akademik hayat bunlara gözlerini kapatmış durumda dediğiniz gibi dibindeki yani Ankara‘da o kadar dilci var Kaç tanesi gitmiş görmüş Ama Ankara çok uzak biliyorsunuz trenle biz zamanında buraya gidilebilir mi yani Oraya gidilip de Türk tarihinin bu belgeleri yerinde incelenir mi En azından tenkit etsinler desinler ki Kazım Mirşan‘ın söylediği gibi bunlar Türk yazıtları değil Yunancadır Fenikece’dir İbranice’dir buyurun okuyun Harfler orada duruyor yazı orada duruyor Ve bunu söylediğimiz zaman da lüzumsuz bir alınganlık gösteriyorlar Yani siz Türk akademisyenleri olarak Türk milletinin bu kadar kıymetli eserlerine karşı sırtınızı döneceksiniz Biz hatırlattığımız zaman da kızacaksınız Olacak mı Peki buyurun ben sözünüzü kestim

Otoz kelimesinin kullanılması Batı’da 1500’lerde Zeus kelimesinin kullanılması 1500’lerde Biz birincide yazıya giderseniz Kaşgarlı Mahmud‘a gidersiniz 1070 yılına. O 1070 yılında Kaşgarlı Mahmud bu kelimeyi yazmış O kelime 1070’te yazılmışsa kaç bin yıldır söylüyor kim bilir Dolayısıyla biraz Türk tarihine sahip çıkmak gerekir ki Türk tarihi Mustafa Kemal‘in dediği gibi herkesin tarihi Yani burada bir ayrımcılık yapmak anlamsız Ama bu sözlükçüler tarihçiler boyuna yapıyorlar Neyi amaçlıyorlar ne yazık ki anlamıyoruz.

En eski yazıtlardan yine altın elbiseli adam diye bir tane Almaata‘da bulunmuş bir gümüş tabak yazıtı dediğimiz bir şu siyah daire içindeki yazıt Bu yazıttaki ifadeler beş farklı akademisyen tarafından çalışıldı Bir tanesi de Kazım Mirşan‘ın Gümüş tabak yazıt dediğimiz bir şu siyah daire içinde ki yazıt Bu yazıttaki ifadeler beş farklı akademisyen tarafından çalışıldı Bir tanesi de Kazım Mirşan. Kazım Mirşan okumasında diğerlerinden çok farklı olarak burada obos yani Zeus’ dan bahsediyor Bu Zeus’ tur diyor ama o batının Zeus’ u değil Batının o efsanevi babasıyla mücadele eden yaratıcı ama tanrı Bakın tanrı lider Hani bazen hani soyutlama yaparız ya Peygamber gibi adam deriz Şimdi onun gibi Kazım Mirşan bu çeviriyi yaparken o kişinin tanrı katına geçtiğini ve öbür dünyaya gittiğini ulaştığını ve oraya ulaşmak için gereken saygınlık itibar çalışma özveriyi gösteren onurlu bir kişi olduğunu özellikle çevirisinde bunu söylüyor.

OZMAK

Dolayısıyla Türklerde ozmak bir liderin ozması için bir dünyaya ve halkına iyi şeyler yapacak. İki, doğaya ve kaynaklarına iyi bakacak. Üç, insan canını değerli tutacak. Şimdi bunu yaptığın zaman cennete gidebilirsin, ozabilirsin. Ozmak bir başarı süreci. O süreçten geçmiş bir kişinin, bir atamızın yazısıdır bu yazı. Kazım Mirşan tarafından çözümlemesini bir okursanız hafızalarda kalsın. Çünkü dediğiniz gibi birçok okuma oldu ve aynı zamanda burada kan cesedinin kemik yapısından 16 yaşında olduğu da tespit edildi. İşte ben işte 28 yaşındayım öldürüldüm. Hayır. Saçma sapan okumalar da ortalıklarda dolaşıyor ve bunun hepsi de hangi harfi nasıl okuduklarını hiçbir şekilde açıklamazlar. Kazım Mirşan ise bunları tamamen matematik programla ortaya koyar, her harfi hep aynı şekilde okur. Yübis Kap’taki yazıtı Kazım Mirşan‘ın okumasını bir söylerseniz gençlerimiz hafızası Bu kapta Kazım Mirşan‘ın okumasıyla şu söylüyor: “Asaleti, yani yaşayışı övgüyle anılmakta olan ve aynı zamanda öbür dünyaya göçmüş olan bir ok savaşçısıdır.” Yani ok bizim de milletimiz olan bir ok milleti.

Diyor ki: “O tanrı katına geçmek suretiyle günahlarından arınarak, kurtularak öbür dünyaya alınmış olan saygın bir kişidir.” Ve ok Türkleri dediniz zaten çalışmalarına yazıtlarından çıkmıştır ki o devirde Türkleri Türk demezden önceki dönemde tarihi çağlarında oklar ve onlar olarak kendilerini ifade ediyorlar. Okların da işareti bugün Hristiyanların kullandıkları Haç. O aslında haçla alakası yok. Dört tane okun orta noktayı göstermesi ve alt kuzeyde, güneyde, doğuda, batıda her yerde biz hakimiyiz demektir. E peki Kazım Mirşan‘ın özellikle Balballar Kitabı ki herkese öneririm ve çok güzel bir kitaptır. Orada bunların kelimelerinin geçtiğini görebilirsiniz, yorumlayabilirsiniz.

Şunu söyleyeyim bu Ubos veya Zeus meselesinde olduğu gibi okuduğunuzda bugün bile anlayabileceğiniz bir Türkçesi bu. Konumuza geldiğimiz noktada bizim Türk dil kurumunun kurallarına göre Deus diyor veya ozmak dedikten yola açıp çıkarak Zeus dedik. Zeus, Zeus bunlar aynı kelimeler tanrı, yaratıcı vesaire gibi bütün o ana kökleri her dilde hemen hemen buraya sola yazdık. Bunun aynı zamanda ana köklerini ve köke gelen ekleri Şimdi burada görüyorsunuz hepsinde i, e, a, o var artı demişiz it var, it var at var, ed diye birtakım ekler gelmiş. Bu sahiplik bildiriyor. Oradaki güce, adalete, şeye, neyse

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27-YAPİSALCHİ_VE_POST-YAPİSALCHİ_SOSYAL_TEORİDE_DİL_(SOSYAL_TEORİDE_BİR MODEL OLARAQ DİL) (EMİNE_KOTLU)_(AYDİN-2007) :/upload/files/27-Yapisalchi_Ve_Post-Yapisalchi_Sosyal_Teoride_Dil_(Sosyal_Teoride_Bir_Model_Olaraq_Dil)_(Emine_Kotlu)_(Aydin-2007).pdf

28-FELSEFE_SOZLUGU-IVAN_FROLOV-CHEV-AZİZ_CHALİSHİR-ISTANBUL-1991-543S: /upload/files/28-Felsefe_Sozlugu-Ivan_Frolov-Chev-Aziz_Chalishir-Istanbul-1991-543s.pdf

29-DİNSEL_İNANCLAR_VE_DUSHUNCELER_TARİXİ-DASH_DEVRİNDEN_ELOSİS_MYTERİA-QAPİQ-1-MİRCEA-ELİADE-2003-328S: /upload/files/29-Dinsel_inanclar_Ve_Dushunceler_Tarixi-dash_devrinden_elosis_myteria-Qapiq-1-Mircea-Eliade-2003-328s.pdf

30-METİNLERLE_FELSEFEYE_GİRİSH-MUSTAFA_GUNAY-2004-302S: /upload/files/30-Metinlerle_Felsefeye_Girish-Mustafa_Gunay-2004-302s.pdf

31-YAPİSAL_ANTROPOLOJİ-CLAUDE_LEVİ-STRAUSS-CHEV-ADNAN_KAHİLOGHULLARİ-2012-547S: /upload/files/31-Yapisal_Antropoloji-Claude_Levi-Strauss-Chev-Adnan_Kahiloghullari-2012-547s.pdf

32-DİNSEL İNANÇLAR VE DÜŞÜNCELER TARİHİ – CİLT 2 – GOTAMA BUDHA’DAN HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN DOĞUŞUNA: /upload/files/32-Dinsel%20%C4%B0nan%C3%A7lar%20ve%20D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceler%20Tarihi%20-%20Cilt%202%20-%20Gotama%20Budha’dan%20H%C4%B1ristiyanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20Do%C4%9Fu%C5%9Funa%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

33-DÜNYA BİR KILAVUZ – GÖRAN THERBORN:/upload/files/33-D%C3%BCnya%20Bir%20K%C4%B1lavuz%20-%20G%C3%B6ran%20Therborn.pdf

34-DÜNYA DİNLERİ VE İKTİDAR – PAUL N. SİEGEL:/upload/files/34-D%C3%BCnya%20Dinleri%20ve%20%C4%B0ktidar%20-%20Paul%20N_%20Siegel.pdf

35-DÜNDEN BUGÜNE İNSAN – METİN ÖZBEK:/upload/files/35-D%C3%BCnden%20Bug%C3%BCne%20%C4%B0nsan%20-%20Metin%20%C3%96zbek.pdf

1-DÜNYA MİTOLOJİSİ – DONNA ROSENBERG:/upload/files/1-D%C3%BCnya%20Mitolojisi%20-%20Donna%20Rosenberg.pdf

2-ELİ-ŞERİATI-DİNLER-TARİHİ: /upload/files/2-Eli-serieti-dinler-tarixi-tr.pdf

3-EFENDİSİZ HALKLAR – HAROLD BARCLAY: /upload/files/3-Efendisiz%20Halklar%20-%20Harold%20Barclay.pdf

4-AVRUPA VE BİZ – İLBER ORTAYLI: /upload/files/4-Avrupa%20Ve%20Biz%20-%20%C4%B0lber%20Ortayl%C4%B1.pdf

5-EMİLE YA DA EĞİTİM ÜZERİNE – JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: /upload/files/5-Emile%20Ya%20Da%20E%C4%9Fitim%20%C3%9Czerine%20-%20Jean-Jacques%20Rousseau%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

6-ERGENEKON BELGELERİNDE FETHULLAH GÜLEN VE CEMAAT – NEDİM ŞENER: /upload/files/6-Ergenekon%20Belgelerinde%20Fethullah%20G%C3%BClen%20ve%20Cemaat%20-%20Nedim%20%C5%9Eener%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

7-ÇİN VE JAPON MİTOLOJİSİ (DONALD A ACKENZİE_) (CHEV-KORAY AKTEN) (ISTANBUL-1996): /upload/files/7-Chin_Ve_Japon_Mitolojisi_(Donald_A__Mackenzie_)_(Chev-Koray_Akten)_(Istanbul-1996).pdf

8-CUMHURİYET’İN İLK YÜZYILI (1923-2023) – İLBER ORTAYLI: /upload/files/8-Cumhuriyet’in%20%C4%B0lk%20Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20(1923-2023)%20-%20%C4%B0lber%20Ortayl%C4%B1%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

9-BİLİM TÂRİHİ [HAYATTA EN HAKİKİ MÜRŞİT İLİMDİR]: /upload/files/9-Bilim%20Tarihi%20-%20Ayd%C4%B1n%20Say%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

10-MİTLERİN KISA TARİHİ – KAREN ARMSTRONG: /upload/files/10-Mitlerin%20K%C4%B1sa%20Tarihi%20-%20Karen%20Armstrong%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

11-1-MİRCEA ELİADE – DİNSEL İNANÇLAR VE DÜŞÜNCELER TARİHİ, CİLT 1, TAŞ DEVRİNDEN ELEUSİS MYSTERİA’LARINA: /upload/files/11-1-Mircea%20Eliade%20-%20Dinsel%20%C4%B0nan%C3%A7lar%20ve%20D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceler%20Tarihi%2C%20Cilt%201%2C%20Ta%C5%9F%20Devrinden%20Eleusis%20Mysteria’lar%C4%B1na%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

11-2-MİRCEA ELİADE – DİNSEL İNANÇLAR VE DÜŞÜNCELER TARİHİ, CİLT 3, MUHAMMED’DEN REFORM ÇAĞINA: /upload/files/11-2-Mircea%20Eliade%20-%20Dinsel%20%C4%B0nan%C3%A7lar%20ve%20D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceler%20Tarihi%2C%20Cilt%203%2C%20Muhammed’den%20Reform%20%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1na%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

12-BİLİNMEYEN YÖNLERİYLE HZ.MUHAMMED’İN ÖLÜMÜ – ARİF TEKİN: /upload/files/12-Bilinmeyen%20Y%C3%B6nleriyle%20Hz_Muhammed’in%20%C3%96l%C3%BCm%C3%BC%20-%20Arif%20Tekin%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

13-ÇIPLAK MAYMUN – DESMOND MORRİS: /upload/files/13-%C3%87%C4%B1plak%20Maymun%20-%20Desmond%20Morris%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

14-1-DEVLETİ ALİYYE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR 1 – HALİL İNALCIK: /upload/files/14-1-Devleti%20Aliyye%20Osmanl%C4%B1%20%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu%20%C3%9Czerine%20Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%201%20-%20Halil%20%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

14-2-DEVLETİ ALİYYE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR 2 – HALİL İNALCIK: /upload/files/14-2-Devleti%20Aliyye%20Osmanl%C4%B1%20%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu%20%C3%9Czerine%20Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%202%20-%20Halil%20%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

15-BİLGİLER KİTABI – CONSTANTİN VON BARLOEWEN: /upload/files/15-Bilgiler%20Kitab%C4%B1%20-%20Constantin%20von%20Barloewen%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

16-MİTOLOJİ SÖZLÜĞÜ – AZRA ERHAT: /upload/files/16-Mitoloji%20S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC%20-%20Azra%20Erhat.pdf

17-ESKİ MISIR’IN ÖLÜLER KİTABI – ALBERT CHAMPDOR: /upload/files/17-Eski%20M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r’%C4%B1n%20%C3%96l%C3%BCler%20Kitab%C4%B1%20-%20Albert%20Champdor.pdf

18-ESKİ TÜRK MİTOLOJİSİ: /upload/files/18-Eski%20T%C3%BCrk%20Mitolojisi.pdf

19-MİTOLOJİ SÖZLÜĞÜ – AZRA ERHAT: /upload/files/19-Mitoloji%20S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC%20-%20Azra%20Erhat.pdf

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Istanbul: An Islamic History Guide

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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On Foot to the Golden Horn: A Walk to Istanbul

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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Fun Facts about Turkey: Awesome Facts and Trivia about Turkish History, Geography, Culture and More (Discover Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia Country)

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Istanbul Complete Travel Guide

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2025 : Where Continents Meet and Histories Entwine Experience Turkey's Wonders with Curated Itineraries Captivating Images and Online Maps

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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Lonely Planet Turkiye (Travel Guide)

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook (Mini Rough Guides)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Istanbul: Memories and the City

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DK Turkey (Travel Guide)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Biblical Turkey: A Guide to the Jewish and Christian Sites of Asia Minor

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Dursun Yıldırım – Biyografya https://www.biyografya.com/biyografi/8116

Bilge Kişiler Tabakası

• Boy beyleri, (Devlet)
• Hanların her biri, (Devlet)
• Alp kolça kopuz çalan (Halk)(Sanat)
• Ozanlık yeteneği (Halk) (Sanat)
• Kamlık özellikleri (Halk) (Sanat)

Kıraat Eden (Okuyan) Bilgeler

• Kut sahibi boy beyleri
• Kut sahibi hanlar (kağanlar)
• Kolça kopuz çalanlar SANAT
• Ozanlar (Şairler) SANAT
• Kamlar (Biliciler)

Kaynak:  “Türk Benggü Taş Bitigi Yazitlarda Yeni Okuma Öneriler” Prof Dr Dursun Yıldırım    01a5e19e-9aca-4065-89d9-5641194fdaf0-dergi-dizgi-2-sayi (4)

To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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Rick Steves Istanbul

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After Happy Ever After: He thinks it's a normal holiday to Istanbul, she has other plans. (Adam's Adventures Book 4)

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Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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Istanbul: Its History, Its Art, Its Landmarks (The Cultured Traveler)

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Michelin Istanbul City Map - Laminated

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook (Pocket Rough Guides)

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Turkey Exploration & Travel Guide - 2025: The Ultimate Traveler's Book to Turkey From the Experience of a Local Guide

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DK Turkey (Travel Guide)

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook (Mini Rough Guides)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Conversational Turkish Dialogues: Over 100 Turkish Conversations and Short Stories (Conversational Turkish Dual Language Books)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Lonely Planet Turkiye (Travel Guide)

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Çin’in ihracat performansında ASEAN ülkeleri ( Brunei Darussalam, Burma, Kamboçya, Endonezya, Laos, Malezya, Filipinler, Singapur, Tayland ve Vietnam) ile ilişkiler aralarında serbest ticaret birliği tesis edilmesinden başlamak üzere giderek daha fazla derinleşmeye başlamıştır. Çin’in ihracatının 2023 yılı itibari ile %15.5’i ASEAN ülkelerine yapılmaktadır. Bunun arka planına baktığımızda gördüğümüz şudur ki ASEAN ülkelerinde 19. yüzyılda Çin’in batılı güçler tarafından saldırıya uğramasını neticesinde özellikle güney kıyılarında yaşayan nüfuslar ASEAN grubundaki güneydoğu Asya ülkelerine göç etmişlerdir.

ASEAN ülkelerinde nüfusun %3-5’i arasında bir miktar Çinli bir nüfusta gözden kaçırmaması gereken bir husus şudur ki bu nüfus o ülkelerin ekonomisinin çok büyük bir kısmını ellerinde tutmaktadır. Denizaşırı ülkelerde yaşayan Çinli iş adamlarının oluşturduğu ağlar ile Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti arasındaki ticaret ilişkileri bu sayede çok güçlü bir konuma gelmiştir

Türkiye açısından baktığımızda ise Osmanlı imparatorluğu dağılırken dağılma sürecinde kaybedilen ülkelerde bir miktar Türk nüfus kalmıştır. Ve fakat bu nüfus o ülkelerin ekonomisinde etkin bir konumda değildir, özellikle de iş hayatında etkin olmamaları yönünde bulundukları ülkeler tarafından bir politika olarak uygulanmaktadır.

Türkiye‘nin bu manada kaybettiği fırsat ise son derece anlamlıdır. Nasıl biz güneydoğu Asya Birliği‘nden (ASEAN) bahsediyorsak, güneydoğu Avrupa’da da Türkiye’nin sınırdaşı olan güneydoğu Avrupa’da da aynı şekilde Atatürk’ün Balkan Paktı ile 1930’lu yıllarda ikinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan önce başlattığı bir birlik hareketinin devamı gelmemiş ve ikinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra da Türkiye bu bölgesel girişimlerinden vazgeçmek zorunda kalmıştır. Daha sonra girilen Avrupa Birliği macerasında ise kaybedilen yıllara karşın Türkiye birlikten özellikle dışlanmıştır.

Atatürk ve Birlik Hareketleri/Hedefleri

Çin’in bölge ülkelerindeki Çinli nüfus üzerinden izlediği stratejiler ve politikalar Türkiye açısından da aslında yol göstericidir.

Giderek kaotik hale gelen uluslararası ilişkiler düzeninde Türkiye, jeopolitik bir merkez olarak Akdeniz havzasındaki ve Türkistan havzasındaki ülkelerle bir birlik oluşumuna giderek ekonomik gücünü bölgesel birliktelikler üzerinden güçlendirme yoluna gitmelidir.

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Türkler tarihte önemli bilimsel keşiflere imza atmış olmalarına karşın haklarında yaratılan olumsuz algı ve imaj çalışmaları neticesinde Türk bilim adamları kimlikleri inkar edilerek bu keşif ve icatlar İran ve Arap bilim dünyasına atfedilmiştir. Bu konuda yapılan değerlendirmeler sayılamayacak kadar çoktur.

Türklerin bilim konusundaki katkıları Türkistan’dan başlayarak kademe kademe ilerlemiştir ve pantolon, demir işlentisi, üzengi, giyim kuşam üretimi için demir kullanımı öncesinde kesici alet taşlardan kesici aletlerin oluşturulması, sıfır sayısının keşfedilmesi şeklinde ilk akla gelen örnekler olarak sıralanabilecektir.

Türk bilim adamlarının kesintisiz tarihsel sürekliliğini konu alan çalışmalara maalesef rastlanmamaktadır. Cabir Bin Hayyan ve İbn Türk El_Ceyli ile 700’lü yıllarda başlayan 1300 yıllık bir tarihsel süreklilik halen incelenmeyi, araştırılmayı beklemektedir.

Türkleri bu bilimsel keşiflere yöneltenler ise bulundukları coğrafyalarda bozkır coğrafyasının zorlukları Türkleri doğayı gözlemleyerek doğadan teknik çözümler üretme konusunda teşvik edici olmuştur. Bu konuda da sayısız inovasyon örnekleri verilebilecektir.

Tarımın başlangıcı, yabani bitkilerin ehlileştirilmesi, atın evcilleştirilmesi bu şekilde doğanın sunduğu imkanların, zorlu yaşam koşulları neticesinde bilimsel çözümlere dönüştürülmesi Türklerle mümkün olmuştur.

Ayrıca bozkır yaşantılarına ilaveten Anavatan Güney Sibirya’nın sunduğu sulak ortamlar, Beşnehirler ve ardından ulaştıkları Maveraünnehir bölgesindeki nehirler, yeraltı ve yerüstünde sulama kanallarının ve ayrıca deniz ulaşım araçlarının yönetilmesi konusunda da Türkleri bilimsel keşiflere yönlendirmiştir.

Bunlar henüz incelenmemiş araştırılmamış konulardır.  Türk Devletler Teşkilatı kapsamında Türk bilim adamları tarafından ortaklaşa envanterinin ortaya serilmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu konuda Azerbaycan Türklerinden Doç. Dr. Aybeniz Rahimova Türk dünyası bilim adamları serisini düzenli olarak hazırlamakta ve yayınlamaktadır.

Türk Dünyasının Bilim Adamları dizisi, Bakü Mektubu

Türklerin en çok ilerleme kaydettikleri bilim dalları gökbilim (astronomi) ve matematik olmuştu. Çünkü bulundukları zorlu coğrafya koşullarında pratik çözümlere olan ihtiyaçlarını bu iki bilime yoğunlaşarak edinmeye çalışmışlardır.

1000’li yıllara kadar bilimsel keşifler ve icatlar Türklerin Asya ve Türkistan sahasında özellikle ileriye gitmiş ve fakat Azerbaycan üzerinden Anadolu’ya intikal ettiklerinde ise bin yıl boyunca sürecek ve bilimde duraklama devrine geçilmiştir. (Kaynak: Türk Tefekkür Tarihi )

Ülkemizde bilim adamları ile ilgili kitaplarda başlık olarak İslam Bilim Adamları tarzında bir isimlendirme tercih edilmiş ve Türk bilim adamları vurgusu maalesef söz konusu olmamıştır. 

Türklerin bilimdeki katkıları Amerikalı arkeolog ve yazar Frederick Starr tarafından Kayıp Aydınlanma PDF başlığı ile eser olarak yayınlanmıştır, bu kitapta Türklerin bilimsel katkıları da detaylı olarak incelenmiş bulunmaktadır.

Türkistan coğrafyasında yaşanılan Türk bilimsel gelişme ve aydınlanması 1000 yıla ulaşan bir duraklamanın ardından Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin kurulmasıyla birlikte yeniden canlanma göstermiş ve Türk bilim adamları dünya çapında icat ve keşiflere damgalarını vurmuşlardı.

Atatürk’ün “Hayatta en hakiki yol gösterici bilimdir” özdeyişi ise düşünme yönteminin bilimsel olduğunun en büyük göstergesidir. Askerlik bir sanat olduğu kadar bir bilimdir. Atatürk, bir dehadır dahidir. Onlarca kitap yazmıştır, yüzlerce bilim adamını, Türk Tarih Tezi konusunda teşvik etmiş ve onlara monografiler yazdırmıştır. Atatürk, düşünce yönetiminde, fikirleri ve işleri delege etmeyi bir sanat haline getirmiştir.

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Sosyoloji Ders Notları (PDF OCR), Prof Dr Mübeccel Kıray

Neolitik: 8.000
10.000 ilâ 8.000 yıl kadar önce insan top­lumlarının yaşantısında son derece önemli, bu yaşantıyı temelinden değiştiren bazı gelişmeler görülüyor. En önemli hadise o zamana kadar avcılık ve toplayıcılık ile geçinen insan toplumlarının tarıma geçmeleridir. 35.000 yılında buzul devrinde ren geyiği avıyla uğraşır­larken 8000 yılında artık gıda toplamakla kalmıyor, gıda yetiştirmeye başlıyorlar. Bu arada nüfus on misline yakın artıyor. Gıda yetiştirmeye başlamaları onları yepyeni bir düzene götürüyor. O zamana kadar, 1.800.000 yıl, göç­ebe olarak yaşayan insanlar ilk defa toprağa, belirli bir mekâna yerleşiyorlar. Yerleştikleri köylerde en az 200 kişi yaşıyor. İnsanlık tarihinde ilk defa bir grupta bazı insanlar doğrudan doğruya gıda sağlamakla uğraşmıyor. Başka bir iş de yapabiliyor. Gıda sağlayanlarla, sağlamayanlar arasındaki farklılaşma ilk defa bu devrede Anadolu’da ortaya çıkıyor.

İnsanlar Tarıma Nasıl Ulaştı?: Anadolu’nun ortasındaki ve güneydoğusundaki yüksek yaylaların otlaklarında bugün bildiğimiz bütün tahılların ya­banileri vardır. Bu otlaklarda insan grupları geziyor
ve bu yabani tahılları hem topluyor hem de orada otlayan hayvanları (koyun, sığır cinsi) avlıyorlardı, öyle anlaşılıyor ki, giderek, daha çok yararlandıkları yabani ta­hılların başında bekçi bırakıyor ve koruyorlardı. Zamanı gelince bu tahılları topluyorlardı. Tohum ve ürün problemini anlaşılan böylece kavramış ve çözmüş olacaklar, ilk defa yabani tahılı ehlileştirdikten sonra bütün bitkisel yiyecekleri bu yolla ehlileştiriyorlar. Bitkiler ehlileştirildiği halde hayvanlar ehlileştirilmiyor, onlar hâlâ, avlanıyor.

s.10-11

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M.S. 1. yüzyılda Augustus tarafından yapılan sayıma göre Anadolu’nun nüfusu 13 milyon civarındadır. Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin ilk nüfus sayımı olan 1927 yılında Anadolu nüfusu yine 13 milyon civarındadır. Bu olgu, idare edenler, inanç, dil değiştiği halde Anadolu’nun temelde aynı gıda üretim biçimini sürdürmüş olmasıyla açıklanabilir. 11.-17. yüzyıllar arasında önemli göçler olduğu halde (ayrıca 14.yüzyılda büyük veba salgını olmuştur), gıda üretim biçimi değişmediği için Anadolu aynı sayıda insanı barındırmış; giderek 1950’lerde gıda üretim biçiminin önemli ölçüde değişmesi sonucu nüfus sayısı da değişmiştir.

s.26

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Çevre, sağlık, iklim koşulları bu olgunun ana nedenidir. Öküz ve sapana dayalı tarım toplumlarında nüfusun %90’ı köylerde yaşar. Sanayileşmeye başlamadan önce Yakın Doğu, Orta Doğu, Kuzey Akdeniz, Anadolu, Yugoslavya, Rusya, Japonya, Çin, Güney Asya’da tipik köylü toplumlar yaşamıştır.
Hiç bir toplumda köyler kendi başlarına  var olamazlar, mutlaka  ilişkide  bulundukları, başka köyler ve kentler  vardır. Köyler başka yerleşme birimlerinin parçasıdırlar.
Anadolu’da köylülük Hititlerle ve Hititlerin demiri eritme tekniğini bulmaları ile başlar ve gittikçe gelişerek 19. yüzyıl ve 20.yüzyılda değişik değişme hızlarıyla  sanayileşmeğe yönelirler. (Sanayileşen toplumlar sanayi öncesi toplumlar ile ilişki kurduklarında toplumların köylülük düzenini yaşamalarına olanak tanımadılar. Paleolitik kültürüne dayalı toplumlar Eskimolar, Avustralyalılar, sapan ve öküze dayalı tarım düzenini yaşamadan sanayileşmeye başladılar.)

s.27

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Sapan ve öküzün tarıma en iyi uyum yaptığı yöreler Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun egemenliği altındaydı. Toprak mülkiyeti düzeni yazılı olarak çok düzgün bir biçimde açık seçik bel­irtilmiştir. Mülkiyet yoktur. Toprak padişahındır. Top­rağı işleyen köylü toprağın sahibi değildi, ancak kuşaklar boyunca aynı köyde aynı köylüler toprağı işlemişlerdir.
Dolayısı ile fiilen toprağı işleyen köylü, bir kuşaktan öbürüne hep aynı toprağı işleyeceğinden emindir. Dışarı akıtılan artı ürüne gelince, beylik herediter olmasa da
gene beyliktir ve toprağı, işleyen köylü bakımından beyin oğluna mı yoksa kan bağlılığı olmayan bir yeni beye mi artı ürünü verdiği hiç fark etmez.

Sürekli göç alan bu bölgelerde nüfus Avrupa’daki kadar az değildir. Bu durum Anadolu ve Balkanlarda toprağa bağlılı­ğı serflikten çıkarmıştır. Bu bölgelerde toprak kimsenin olmadığı halde aynı toprağı aynı ailenin işlemesi olağan kabul edilmiş, bu bir hak niteliğini kazanmıştır. Serflik olmamasına rağmen örneğin toprakta kalmasını Osmanlı İmparatorluğu “çift bozma yasağı” ile sağlıyordu. Çift bozma yasağı özellikle klasik dönemde köylünün kente gelmesini yasaklayan bir yasadır. Köylü kente geldikten sonra 10 yıl içinde yakalanırsa tekrar çiftinin başına yollanırdı. Bu yasak ile emek yüzyıllarca toprakta tutulabilmiştir.

s.36-37

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19. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 14. ve 15. yüzyıl Batı Avrupası ile karşılaştırıldığında şöyle bir görünüm ortaya çıkmaktadır: Batı Avrupa’da köylüler çiftçi; beyler çiftçi-tüccar olmuş, tüccarlar ise daha da zenginleşmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda ise köylülerin ancak bir bölümü çiftçi niteliği kazanmış; beyler devlet memuru haline gel­miştir. Batı’dan gelen tüccarlar ana zenginliğe el koymuştur.

1940’ların Türkiye’sinde ise çözülmüş olan köylü-bey ilişki­leri içinde, Anadolu’da ürünün hiç artmadığı yörelerde (Orta Anadolu, Kuzey Anadolu ve Güney Batı Anadolu) bile pay vermediği için kendi kendine yeten, yeni bir yaşayış düzenine geçmeyen, hâlâ köylü diye anılan ancak bilimsel tanımıyla köylü olmayan bir grup ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlar çok az vergi vermekte, üretimini arttırmadığı için ticarete girmemekte, bu nedenle de çiftçi olmayan, köylü sıfatını koruyan bir gruptur. Buna karşılık Adana yöresi ve Ege’de­ki köylü nüfus ürününü arttırarak ticaret yapacak düzeye gelmişti. Ticarete dönük üretim yapan çiftçiler ortaya çık­mıştı. Buna rağmen üretimleri miktar bakımından hâlâ kısıtlıydı. Tarımsal üretim artışı 2. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar pek önemli boyutlara ulaşamamıştır.
2. Dünya Savaşı sonunda bazı yörelerde (Güney Doğu Anadolu, Söke ve Çukurova) büyük toprak sahipliği egemendi. Bu yörelerde köylü-bey ilişkileri sürüyordu. Buralarda toprağı işleyenlere köylü değil, ortakçı (yarıcı) deniyordu. Yarıcılar, kuşaktan kuşağa süregeldiği biçimde toprağı işleyip, kendilerine yetecek kadar bir miktarı alakoyduktan sonra ürünü toprak sahibine geçirirlerdi. Bu ilişkide tek farklılık beylerin daha üst kademedeki beyle­re pay vermeyip, devlete vergi ödemesiydi.

Bazı yörelerde (Orta Anadolu, Kuzey Anadolu ve Kuzey Doğu Anadolu) ise küçük toprak sahipliği egemendi. Küçük toprak sahipleri köylü-bey ilişkilerini kaybetmişti. Top­rağı kuşaklardır işliyorlardı. Pay alınmadığı için o toprağı işleyen köylüler o toprağın sahibi olarak kabul edili­yordu. Tapu sistemi yoktu. Küçük toprak sahipleri kendi kendine yeten bir üretimle geçinen, ne pay veren ne de ti­caret yapan bir grup. Bu düzen 2. Dünya Savaşının sonuna kadar sürmüştür.

s.51-53

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Çapalama ve toplama devreleri hâlâ yarıcıların emeğine dayandığı için bu yörelerde topraktan kopma, tahıl üretimi yapılan yörelerde olduğu kadar keskin olmamıştır. Traktörün tarıma girmesiyle toprak sahibi yarıcının payını üçte bire indirmiş; açık koza türü ekilmeye başlanınca ise bu payı dörtte bire indirmiştir. Daha sonra ise köylüleri oturdukları yerlerden çıkartmamış ancak yarıcıları tarım işçisine dönüştürmüştür. Tarım işçisi henüz makineleşmemiş olan tarım işlerini yaparlar. Diyarbakır yöresinde tahıl üretimi yapıldığı ve bu üretimin tümü makineleştiği için tarım işçiliği de yoktur. Bu yörede topraktan kopanların bir kısmı traktör tamircisi, bakımcısı, şoför gibi meslek­ler edinmişlerdir. Asıl büyük nüfus kentlere göçmüştür. (Türkiye’de tüm pamuk üretiminin makinayla yapılması kanun ile 1940’larda yasaklanmıştır. 1972 yılında ise Ege’de tarım işçisi, için sıkıntı olduğu için pamuk üreticileri pamuk toplama makineleri ithali, için izin istemiş, ancak Parlamento reddetmiştir. (ABD’de tüm pamuk üretimi maki­neyle yapılır.)

Türkiye’de asıl egemen olan küçük toprak sahipliği olan yörelerde de 1948-52 arasında makine ile tarım bir heves olarak ortaya çıktı. Bu dönemde hem Orta Anadolu’da tahıl üretimi ile geçimini sağlayan çevrede hem de tarımsal üretim yapan diğer yörelerde makine ile tarım cazip hale geldi. Ziraat Bankasının kredi sağlaması ve diğer yollar ile makineli tarıma geçiş teşvik edildi. Bu yörelerde sapan halâ kullanılıyordu. Hiç bir köyde hiç kimse %100 topraksız değil­di. Herkesin toprağı 20-30 dönüm ile 250 dönüm arasında değişmekteydi. Ortalama toprak büyüklüğü 80 dönüm civarındaydı. Doğal olarak bu yörelerde de daha sıkıntıda olanlar ile daha refahı olan köylüler mevcuttu. Ancak toprak büyüdükçe, yani refah arttıkça aile birimi de büyümekteydi.

Bu nedenle kişi başına toprak miktarı oldukça birbirine yakındı. Köylülerin yaşama biçimi homojendi, çok farklı değildi. Küçük toprak sahipliği olan köylerle yarıcıların köyleri karşılaştırıldığında yaşantı bakımından bunların birbirinden çok farklı olmadıkları görülürdü.

s.55-56

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