Eski Türkler hakkında Antik Yunanlı Yazarlar ve Eserleri
Eski Türkler hakkında Antik Romalı Yazarlar ve Eserleri
Eski Türkler hakkında Antik Bizanslı Yazarlar ve Eserleri
Türk kavramının zaman ve zemin boyutları budanmış. Türk tarihini en eski tarihe götüren tarihçi Zeki Velidi Togan MÖ 3000–2500. Traji komik. O da diğerlerine katıldı Atatürk öldükten sonra.
Tarihçi allamelerimiz Türk tarihinin enini de boyunu da kısaltarak kuşa çevirip mikro tarih disiplini oluşturmuşlar. Eski Çağ’ı batılılara bırakmışlar. Kendilerini göçer savaşçılar yapmışlar. Batılıların Eski Çağları yok ama Türklerden ikame edip adını da Greko-Romen olarak etiketlemişler.
Mikro İktisat olur da Mikro Tarih olmaz olur mu
Zamanı iki düzine biner yıl
Zemini kıtalar boyunca
Büyük Türk yerine Mikro Türk yazıyor allameler.
Eski Yunan, Roma, Bizans, Çin ise hababam Türkleri yazmışlar.
Türkler hakkında Bizans kadar yazmamış Osmanlılar.
Posterde yer alan yazarlar kronolojik sırayla şunlardır:
| Yaklaşık tarih | Yazar | Başlıca eseri |
|---|---|---|
| MÖ 700–425 | Hekataios (Miletoslu) | Periegesis |
| MÖ 484–425 | Herodotos | Historiai |
| MÖ 400–330 | Ktezias (Ctesias) | Indika |
| MÖ 4. yy sonu | Ksenophon | Anabasis |
| MÖ 64 – MS 24 | Strabon | Geographika |
| MS 1. yy | Pomponius Mela | De Chorographia |
| MS 23–79 | Yaşlı Plinius (Plinius Secundus) | Naturalis Historia |
| MS 90–168 | Klaudios Ptolemaios | Geographia |
| MS 2. yy | Aelius Aristides | Apologeticus (posterde bu adla verilmiş) |
| MS 2. yy | Lukianos (Lucian) | A True Story |
| MS 2. yy | Dionysios Periegetes | Periegesis |
| MS 330–395 | Ammianus Marcellinus | Res Gestae |
| MS 5. yy başı | Zosimos | Historia Nova |
| MS 347–414 | Eunapios | Vitae Sophistarum |
| MS 5. yy | Priskos | Historia (Fragmanlar) |
| MS 6. yy | Menandros Protektor | Historia |
| MS 500–565 | Prokopios | De Bellis |
| MS 491–578 | İoannes Malalas | Chronographia |
| MS 536–582 | Agathias | Historiae |
| MS 6. yy | Menandros (devam kaydı) | Historia |
| MS 6. yy | Jordanes | Getica |
| MS 7. yy | Sebastianos | Chronicle |
| MS 580–630 | Theophylaktos Simokattes | Historiae |
| MS 507–588 | İoannes Efesoslu (John of Ephesus) | Historia Ecclesiastica (fragmanlar) |
| MS 7. yy | Sebeos | Historia |
| MS 758–818 | Theophanes Confessor | Chronographia |
| MS 9. yy | Georgios Monakhos (George the Monk/Hamartolos) | Chronicle |
| MS 9. yy | Nikephoros | Breviarium Historiarum |
- Posterde 27 kutu bulunuyor; bunlardan Menandros iki kez yer alıyor (“Menandros Protektor” ve “Menandros – Devamı”). Dolayısıyla benzersiz yazar sayısı 26‘dır.
- Ayrıca, Eski Türk tarihi için çok önemli bazı antik ve erken ortaçağ yazarları da vardır. Bunlar arasında:
- Sima Qian (Shiji)
- Ban Gu (Hanshu)
- Fan Ye (Hou Hanshu)
- Cosmas Indicopleustes
- Moisey Kalankatlı
- Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos (MS 10. yüzyıl olduğu için zaman aralığınızın hemen dışındadır)
26 yazarın bahsettiği Türk halklarının alfabetik listesi
Evet. Aşağıdaki liste, posterde yer alan 26 antik ve erken Orta Çağ yazarının eserlerinde geçen, günümüzde Türk veya Türk tarihiyle ilişkilendirilen ya da Türkoloji literatüründe tartışılan bozkır halklarının alfabetik bir derlemesidir. (Bazılarının Türk kökeni kesin, bazılarının ise tartışmalıdır.)
| Halk | Bu adı kullanan başlıca yazarlar |
|---|---|
| Akatzirler (Akatziroi) | Priskos, Jordanes |
| Alanlar | Ammianus, Jordanes, Prokopios |
| Avarlar | Menandros Protektor, Theophylaktos Simokattes, Agathias, Malalas |
| Bulgarlar | Jordanes, Theophanes, Nikephoros |
| Eftalitler (Ak Hunlar) | Prokopios, Agathias |
| Göktürkler (Tourkoi, Turci) | Menandros Protektor, Theophylaktos Simokattes, Theophanes |
| Hazarlar | Sebeos, Theophanes, Georgios Monakhos, Nikephoros |
| Hunlar | Ammianus, Priskos, Jordanes, Prokopios, Zosimos |
| İskitler (Skythai) | Herodotos, Strabon, Plinius, Ptolemaios, Dionysios |
| Kangarlar (Kangar/Peçenek öncesi topluluk) | Bizans kronikleri |
| Karluklar | Theophanes |
| Kimmerler | Herodotos, Strabon |
| Kutrigurlar | Prokopios, Agathias |
| Massagetler | Herodotos, Strabon |
| Oğurlar (Ogur) | Priskos, Jordanes |
| Onogurlar | Theophanes, Nikephoros |
| Peçenekler (Patzinaklar) | Georgios Monakhos (erken kayıtlar) |
| Sabirler (Sabiroi) | Prokopios, Agathias |
| Sakalar (Sacae) | Herodotos, Strabon, Plinius |
| Sarmatlar | Herodotos, Strabon, Plinius |
| Siraklar | Strabon |
| Toharlar (Tocharoi) | Strabon, Ptolemaios |
| Tölesler (Tiele) | Bizans kaynaklarında dolaylı; esasen Çin kaynaklarında ayrıntılı |
| Turuk/Türk (Tourkoi) | Menandros Protektor, Theophylaktos, Theophanes |
| Uar-Hunlar | Menandros Protektor |
| Uygurlar | Theophanes (dolaylı), Georgios Monakhos |
| Utigurlar | Prokopios, Agathias |
| Wusun (Usunlar) | Strabon, Ptolemaios (dolaylı) |
| Xiongnu (Asya Hunları) | Yunan-Roma yazarlarında dolaylı; Çin kaynaklarında ayrıntılı |
Değerlendirme
Bu halklar tarihsel açıdan aynı kategoride değildir:
- Kesin Türk kabul edilenler: Göktürkler, Uygurlar, Karluklar.
- Genellikle Türk kabul edilenler: Hunlar, Avarlar, Bulgarlar, Hazarlar, Sabirler, Kutrigurlar, Utigurlar, Onogurlar, Oğurlar.
- Türklerle yakın ilişkilendirilen veya kısmen Türkleşmiş kabul edilenler: Akatzirler, Kangarlar, Uar-Hunlar, Peçenekler.
- Türk kökenli oldukları tartışmalı veya Türklerden önce yaşamış bozkır halkları: İskitler, Sakalar, Massagetler, Kimmerler, Sarmatlar, Alanlar, Wusunlar, Toharlar, Siraklar.
Bu liste, yalnızca posterdeki 26 yazarın kapsadığı adlarla sınırlıdır. Eğer Çin kaynakları (Sima Qian, Ban Gu, Fan Ye, Wei Shu, Sui Shu, Jiu Tang Shu vb.) da eklenirse, Eski Türk tarihine ilişkin bilinen halk adlarının sayısı 100’ün üzerine çıkmaktadır.
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