Hakimiyet Sağlanan Denizler

Deniz                  Devlet Sayısı 

1. Hazar………………. 12
2. Karadeniz………….. 7
3. Umman Denizi……. 7
4. Basra………………. 6
5. Akdeniz……………  3
6. Kızıldeniz……………3
7. Pasifik Okyanusu..   2
8. Sarı Deniz…………..2
9. Adriyatik…………..  1
10. Atlas Okyanusu…….1
11. Hint Okyanusu……..1

Toplam 11 denizde hakimiyet sağlanmıştır.

En çok hakimiyetler sırasıyla;

• Hazar; 12 devlet
• Karadeniz; 7 devlet
• Umman Denizi; 7 devlet
• Basra; 6 devlet

denizlerinde tesis edilmiştir.

Sarı Deniz’i kıyılayan Çu Devletindan başlayarak, Hazar’a oradan da Baltık kıyılarındaki Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu’na ve Hint Okyanusu’na uzanan Akhun’lara kadar kurulan devletlerle 10’u aşkın deniz kenarlarında (Sarı Deniz- Baltık – Hint Okyanusu üçgeni) hakimiyet sağlayan Türkler, Selçuk ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Beş Deniz Bölgesi’ni (Hazar, Karadeniz, Akdeniz, Kızıldeniz, Basra) kontrolleri altına almışlardır.

Denizlerde Hakimiyet Sağlayan Devletler

Devlet                                                                                   Deniz Sayısı

1. Çu Devleti MÖ 1116-250: 866 yıl………………………………………. 1
2. Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Teoman MÖ 220- MS 216 : 436 yıl……. 2
3. Batı Hun İmparatorluğu Pi MÖ 48-MS 216: 264  yıl…………
4. Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu Balamir  375-469 : 94 yıl………………. 3
5. Ak Hun İmparatorluğu Aksuvar   420-552: 132 yıl………………….. 2
6. Göktürk Kağanlığı Bumin Kağan 552-745: 193 yıl………….. ……… 1
7. Avar Kağanlığı I. Bayan 565-835: 270 yıl……………………………… 2
8. Hazar Kağanlığı Böri Şad 651-983 : 332 yıl…………………………… 2
9. Uygur Kağanlığı   Kutluk Bilge Kül Kağan 742 – 840 : 98 yıl……….. 1
10. Karahanlı Devleti Bilge Kül Kadir Han 840-1212: 372 yıl…………..
11. Gazne Devleti Alp Tigin 962-1183: 220 yıl……………………………. 3
12. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti Tuğrul 1040-1157: 117 yıl………………….. 6
13. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti: 1075 – 1308: 233 yıl……………………..  1
14. Harezmşahlar Devleti Kutbeddin Muhammed/1097-1231:134 yıl..  3
15. Altın Orda Devleti Batu Han 1236-1502: 266 yıl…………………….  2
16. Memluk Sultanlığı, 1250-1517: 267 yıl………………………………..  2
17. Timur İmparatorluğu Timur 1368-1501: 133 yıl…………………….  4
18. Safevi Devleti   1501 – 1736: 235 yıl………………………………….  3
19. Babür İmparatorluğu Babür 1526-1858: 332 yıl…………………….  1
20. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Osman Gazi 1299-1922: 623 yıl…………..  6

Denizlerdeki Devletler:

• Sarı Deniz: Çu Devleti, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu
• Hazar Denizi: Büyük Hun, Batı Hun, Avrupa Hun, AkHun,  Göktürk Kağanlığı, Hazar Kağanlığı, Gazne Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, Harezmşahlar Devleti, Altın Orda Devleti, Timur İmparatorluğu, Safevi Devleti, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
• Baltık/Kuzey Buz Denizi: Avrupa Hun İmp
• Atlas Okyanusu: Avrupa Hun İmp
• Karadeniz: Avrupa Hun, Hazar Kağanlığı, Büyük Selçuklu, Anadolu Selçuklu, Altın Orda İmp, Timur İmp, Osmanlı İmp
• Kızıldeniz: Büyük Selçuklu, Osmanlı İmp
• Basra: Gazne Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti, Harezmşahlar Devleti, Timur İmp, Safevi Devleti, Osmanlı İmp
• Hint Okyanusu: Akhun İmp, Gazne Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devlet, Harezmşahlar Devleti, Timur İmp, Safevi Devleti, Babür İmp
• Adriyatik: Osmanlı İmp
• Akdeniz: Büyük Selçuklu İmp, Osmanlı İmp
• Pasifik Okyanusu: Göktürk Kağanlığı, Uygur Kağanlığı

En çok deniz hakimiyeti sağlayan devletler;

• Osmanlı Devleti
• Büyük Selçuklu Devleti
• Timur İmparatorluğu

şeklinde sıralanmıştır.

DENİZLER ÜÇGENİ

• Akdeniz Havzası: 16 Devlet
• Hazar Havzası: 11 Devlet
• Karadeniz Havzası: 5 Devlet
• Karasal: 2 Devlet (Uygur Kağanlığı, Karahanlılar)

Toplam: 34 Devlet

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D-7: Dava. Devlet. Dil. Din. Düşünce. Dış Dünya. Dijital Çağ        

Türklerin Dinleri

Tonyukuk Yazıtında Yedi

7 Turkeys

Türk İnsanı’nın Ruhu 7K1N

YerAdları Y7

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******************************************

DÖNÜŞTÜRÜLEMEYEN KÖYLÜLÜK

GÖRGÜSÜZLÜK

ÖĞRETİM VE EĞİTİM SORUNU

EPİSTEMİK TUZAK

ADALET

DEVLET AKLI

******************************************

DÖNÜŞTÜRÜLEMEYEN KÖYLÜLÜK

• Osmanlı ordusunun ve tarımının ciddi yükünü hep taşıyan Anadolu
• Gelişmemiş bir tarım toplumunun dünyaya ufki bakması beklenemezdi.
• Gayrimüslim komşularımızın Anadolu’dan acı tasfiyesi belki bazı güvenlik endişelerini giderse de kültür, sanat, ticaret ve ötekine hoşgörü anlayışında büyük boşluklar doğurdu.
• Kasaba sağcılığının gerekçesini de bu durum teşkil etti. Dönüşemeyen köylülük bu mirası yağma ve talan dışında pek değerlendiremedi.
• Balkan ve Kafkas savaşları ve bugüne yönelik de hiç duramayan iç ve dış göç farklı bir taşra ve yağma kültürü oluşturdu. Siyaset bunun üzerinden yürüdü. Buna ilişkin Kâzım Karabekir’in, 29 Ekim 1938’de günlüğüne düştüğü “Akşam ailece Kadıköy ve Üsküdar’a gittik. Seviye günden güne düşüyor. Hele Üsküdar Sahili’nde oturacak insanca bir yer yok. Halk köyden veya muhaceretten gelmiş gibi…” notu güzel bir örnektir.

GÖRGÜSÜZLÜK

• Söz konusu taşralı zihniyetin hep var olması toplumsal ve siyasal hayatta “görgüsüzlük sorununu” hep yanında taşımıştır.
• Görgüsüzlük sorunu ülkenin sermaye birikiminin kültür, eleştirel düşünce ve sanat alanına yansımasını engellemiştir.
• Siyaseten ve ekonomi de genelde kamu yağmasıyla güçlenen görgüsüz aktörler vasatın altında bir zihniyeti ve toplumsal dönüşümü tetiklemişlerdir.
• Osmanlı reformları ve cumhuriyet devrimleri -özellikle sanayi nefise mektepleri, harp okulları, öğretmen okulları, Köy Enstitüleri ve askeri liselerde- Anadolu’nun çocuklarının ihtiyacı olan görgüyü öğretebildi. Bugün seküler burjuvazi ve kısmi gelenekli aristokraside görgü sorunu yoktur.
• Ancak güç ve iktidara ulaşan mahallelide her kesimiyle bir görgü sorunu mevcuttur. Görgü sorunu bu kesimde kültürel iktidar ve otoriterlik sorununu da üretmektedir.

ÖĞRETİM VE EĞİTİM SORUNU

• Görgüsüzlüğün ısrarının örgütlediği bir diğer sorun ise öğretim ve eğitim sorunumuzdur. Akıl ve zeka özde çok farklı şeylerdir. Öğretim sistemimiz istikrarsızlığı-performansı bir yana tamamen zeka ve ezber odaklıdır. Akıl ve eleştirel bakış tamamen dışlanmıştır.
• Zeki-cin gibi esnaf, siyasetçi veya devlet diyebiliyoruz da akıllı esnaf, siyasetçi veya sağduyulu devlet diyememekteyiz.
• Zeka yarıştırmalı. Eğitim sistemimizi 2024 YKS sınav istatistikleri oldukça anlatıyor: 12 felsefe sorusundan ortalama doğru cevap oranı 1,9 ve 6 din sorusundan doğru cevap oranı 1,2…
• Batı’daki ciddi okulların öncelik hedefi esasta sanat ve spor derken öğrenciye görgüyü yüklemektir.
• İkinci hedefi ise nasıl düşüneceğini öğretebilmektir.
• Kemalist devrimlerin görgü yönü başarılıydı. Ancak nasıl düşünmeliyiz veya eleştireceğiz zihniyet farkı sorusuna verdiği cevabın taşra sağcılığından pek farkı yoktu. Buna güzel örnek, Şevket Süreyya Aydemir “Suyu Arayan Adam” kitabında, hapishane hatıralarındaki, şapka devriminden önce hasır şapka giyen tutukluyu şapka giydiği için tartaklayan hâkimin, devrimden sonraki ilk duruşmada bu sefer de niçin şapka giymediği için tartaklama sahnesidir.
• Osmanlı’nın endüstri devrimini kaçırdığı gibi ne yazık ki cumhuriyetimiz de ikinci yüzyılına girerken yapay zeka-dijital devrimi, kamu hazine yağması hedefli uydurma ideolojiler ve popülist beka tartışmaları ile kaçırmak üzeredir.
• Hiç merak etmeyen, eleştirel düşünceye tolerans göstermeyen, müphemliğin siyah-beyaz dünyasında yeri olmayan filozof ve entelektüel çıkartamayan bir toplumun endüstri ve dijital bilimsel devrimlerinin ne olduğunu idrak etmesi beklenmemeli.

EPİSTEMİK TUZAK

• Din ve bilim ikilemine esnafça al-sat yaklaşımı, göçebelik ve taşralılıktan kaynaklanan bilişsel çelişkiye-cognitive dissonanace (bilişsel çelişki) veya kendi kendimize kurduğumuz bir epistemik tuzağa bizleri çekmiştir.

ADALET

• Ülkenin bir diğer temel sorunu tabii ki adalettir. Ülkemizde yazılı olmayan bir sözlü kültürün varlığı, “sen bana güvenmiyor musun abi” mantığı, hesap sorulmasının-verilmesinin bir utanç olarak algılanması, güçlerin karşılıklı sınırlanamaması adalet ve refah sorununun özünü teşkil etmekte. Batı’da hâkim ve savcılar bir hayat mekanizması deneyiminden sonra öğretime alınırken bizde ise doğrudan devam zorunluluğu olmayan fakültelerde sosyalleşemeden mekanizmanın içinde deneyimsiz aktörlere büyük sorumlulukların verilmektedir.

• Ortak bir aidiyetin siyasilerce kişisel ikbal hırslarıyla tarihe ve ülkeye karşı sorumsuzca tahrip edilmesi, sürekli ötekileştirilenlerin arttırılması da kaygılandıran temel sorunlarımızdan biridir.

DEVLET AKLI

• Post emperyal travmayı hâlâ atlatamamış bürokrasimiz ve kaygılı kurucu unsurlarımız sorunlara karşı yok et ve ertele dışında sağduyu ve akla dayanan çözümler üretememektedirler. Denetlenebilir bir sağduyulu derin devlet aklının inşasına acil ihtiyaç vardır. Bu emekli ve suça bulaşmış unsurlarla değil ancak milletin vicdanı ve sağduyusuyla inşa edilebilecek bir şeydir. Eşiğinde bulunduğumuz üçlü kriz yani devlet-kurumlar, değerler ve vasatlık krizi acil siyasi çözüm beklemektedir.
• Kurumların, değerlerin işlemediği ve vasat altılığın hâkim olduğu bir sistem, Dr. Selçuk Şirin’in dediği gibi ne depreme ne orman yangınlarına ve ne de sığınmacı sorununa bir çözüm üretebilecektir.
• Türkiye’nin ihyası mümkün müdür? Evet mümkündür ancak yürürlükteki mevzuat ve aktörler buna ikna edilmiş seçmen desteği ile müsaade etmemektedirler.

Kaynak: https://medyascope.tv/2024/07/20/tarik-celenk-yazdi-turkiyenin-ihyasi-mumkun-mu-ii/

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Tanzimat Fermanının yayınlanmasından (1839) Cumhuriyetin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk‘ün vefatına (1938) kadar olan yüzyıllık dönemde Türkiye’nin geçildiği çalkantılar ve değişimler bu döneme yeniden bakışımızı zorunlu kılmaktadır.

19. yüzyıl ile birlikte çöküş süreci hızlanan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu çare olarak 1839 yılında Tanzimat’ı ve ardından da 1876 yılında birinci Meşrutiyeti uygulamaya başlamıştı. Her ikisine de Mutlakiyetin tepkisi gecikmemiş ve Sultan Abdülhamid Meşrutiyet daha henüz bir yılını doldurmadan İstibdad (Mutlakiyet) idaresini uygulamaya başlamış ve 33 yıl boyunca idame ettirmiştir.

Ardından 1909 yılında başlatılan ikinci Meşrutiyet de sorunlara çözüm getirememiş ve birinci Dünya Savaşı ile birlikte çöküşü daha da hızlanan İmparatorluk 1918 sonlarında tarihe karışmıştı.

Cumhuriyet idaresi ise bir Osmanlı paşası olan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Kurtuluş Savaşı sürecinde zihninde canlanan yegane bir çözüm süreciydi ve fikri olarak taraftarları olmamasına karşın 1923 sonlarına doğru bu tasavvurunu Türkiye Cumhuriyeti olarak bizzat uygulamaya başlamıştı.

Bunun arkasında yatan sebep ise Kurtuluş Savaşı sürecinde halkın gücünün savaşın kazanılmasında oynadığı önemli rol idi. Halka olan güveni, ki sürekli halkın içinde bulunmaktaydı, bu fikrini uygulama konusunda özgüvenini arttırmaktaydı.

Bu şekilde Türkler 1000 yılı aşkın bir süreci kapsayan meclissiz yani halkın iradesinin tecelli etmediği mutlakiyet rejimleri silsilesini,  imparatorluklar, hanedanlar, hanlıklar dönemini terk ederek Cumhuriyet ile buluşmuşlardır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın bitimi ile birlikte Cumhuriyet demokrasi ile taçlanacaktır.

Buradaki tayin edici özellik şudur ki Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet idareleri karşıt bir fikir ile (bu sultanın saltanatı istibdadı da olabilir ya da parti istibdadı da olabilir) İstibdad ile neticelenmiş, buna karşın Cumhuriyet idaresi kurulduktan hemen hemen çeyrek asır sonra demokratik bir rejime yol açmıştı.

Bu anlamda Cumhuriyet sürecinde demokrasinin darbelerle kesintiye uğratılması ise Türkiye’nin içinde bulunduğu stratejik konumdan ötürü batının kontrolü elinden kaybetme kaygısı ile ilgilidir.

Her üç yönetim biçimine de süreklilik açısından bakıldığında Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet 50 yılı dahi dolduramamış olmalarına rağmen Cumhuriyet yüzyıllık bir olgunluğa erişmiştir. Söz konusu süreklilik aslında Cumhuriyetin de çalkantılarla dolu bir dönem geçirmiş olmasına rağmen kalıcılığının göstergesidir. 1000 yıllık Mutlakiyet rejimlerinin  ardından Türkler, aslında gerçek özleri olan halka dayalı bir yönetim biçimine, Cumhuriyet’e kavuşmuşlardır.

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary: Learn Essential Phrases & Vocabulary | 3,500 Word Two-Way Dictionary | Pull-Out Fast Phrases Card | Travel with Confidence

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda hanedanın, saltanatın yetkilerinin sınırlanmaya başlandığı 1876 meşrutiyeti ile canlanan, ardından tekrar kesintiye uğrayan ve ikinci meşrutiyetle yeniden canlanan ve tekrar kesintiye uğrayan son olarak da 1961 anayasası ile yaratılan özgürlükler ortamı, yıllar itibarı ile toplamı 34 yıllık bir süreyi kapsamaktadır.

Böylece toplamda 150 yıllık anayasal düzenimizin ancak %23’ü özgürlüklerin geniş olarak yorumlandığı bir döneme denk gelmektedir. Buradaki ana kesintilerin sebebi Saltanat dönemlerinde Sultanın geniş kapsamlı otoritesi ve Cumhuriyet döneminde ise arda ardına gelen darbelerdir ve bu darbeler de hep dış kaynaklıdır.

Zamanın bu denli %80 oranında baskı altına alındığı bir yönetim biçiminde tabii ki fikirler ortaya çıkamayacak ve bundan ötürü de ülkenin gelişimi güdük kalacaktır ve öyle de olmuştur.

Türkiye’den daha aşağı seviyelerde bulunan ülkeler Güney Kore örneğinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’yi gerilerinde bırakıp ilerleme yoluna devam etmişler ve milli gelirde büyük artışlar sağlamışlardır.

Türkiye ise bu baskıcı yönetim anlayışı ile birlikte kısır döngü olarak içinde debelendiği orta gelir tuzağından bir türlü kurtulamayacaktı.

Evet, Kızılelma Türklerin büyük bir ülküsüdür, ama Siyah Elma simgeli Apple fiili dünyanın en değerli şirketidir ve dünya imparatorluğunun altyapısını döşemiştir.

Lise ve üniversite sınavlarında alınan neticeler fen ve matematik dallarında çok düşük seviyelerdedir ve böyle bir eğitim altyapısıyla Türkiye’nin ileri doğru bir atılımı maalesef mümkün değildir.

Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Rick Stein’s Secret France

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Turkey - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture

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Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World

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Rough Guides Turkiye: Travel Guide with eBook: 2026-2027 | Insider Tips | Must-See Sights | Maps & Itineraries | Covers: Istanbul, Cappadocia, the Turquoise Coast and more

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul,Thrace, Marmara, Izmir, Bodrum, Antalya, Cappadocia and more (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: The Complete Guide to Planning, Exploring, and Experiencing Istanbul, Turkey – Including Where to Stay, Top Attractions, ... (Discover Asia: City-by-City Travel Guides)

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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A Traveller's History of Turkey

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Conversational Turkish Dialogues: Over 100 Turkish Conversations and Short Stories (Conversational Turkish Dual Language Books)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bodrum, & more (Travel Guide)

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary: Learn Essential Phrases & Vocabulary | 3,500 Word Two-Way Dictionary | Pull-Out Fast Phrases Card | Travel with Confidence

(43518)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Roma İmparatorluğu’nun değişik coğrafyalarda hüküm süreleri

Anadolu halkları Roma imparatorluğu döneminde paganlığı terk edip Hristiyanlaşmaya başladılar fakat bu batının Katolik Hristiyanlığı değil doğunun Ortodoks Hristiyanlığı olmuştu. Roma imparatorluğu yıkıldıktan sonra gücünü Vatikan kilisesi devralmıştı. Bu, dünyayı yönetme misyonu idi Vatikan Arnavut Katolik İskender Bey üzerinden Osmanlı’ya savaş açmıştı fakat bu savaşı kaybetti.

Arnavutlar büyük ölçüde Müslümanlaştı ve Türkleşti. İskender Bey‘in mağlubiyetinden 500 yıl sonra bu sefer Vatikan, Türkler Libya’da Trablusgarp Savaşı ile meşgulken Arnavutlar üzerinden Balkanlar’da isyan çıkarttılar ve Türkler Balkan Savaşı’nı kaybettiler. Devamında ise Adalar Denizi’ndeki 12 ada önce İtalyanlar, ikinci Dünya Savaşından sonra ise Yunanlıların eline geçti. Son olarak da Güney Kıbrıs Rum kesimi Avrupa Birliği içerisine alınarak arka planda Vatikan kilisesi, Roma İmparatorluğu doğu Akdeniz sınırlarına uzanmış oldu.

Konuya Türkler açısından yaklaştığımız da 500 yıl boyunca yaşadığımız hilafet deneyiminin neticesine geldiğimiz nokta bizler açıdan güçlü kurumsal yapının din olamayacağı gerçeğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Din bu anlamda bir birleştiricilik sağlayamamıştır.

“En büyük hakikat Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisidir”

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

“En büyük hakikat Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisidir” Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Arnavutların ulusal kahramanı Skanderbeg, Türklerle savaşan bir Hıristiyandı ama Arnavutlar yine de Müslüman ve Türkofil oldular. Hiç utanmıyorlar mı? Skanderbeg Türklerle boşuna savaştığını bilseydi ne derdi? HEX Agon, Quora

 

Sorular: Aradaki fark nedir?

Anadoluluların Helenler ve Romalılar tarafından istila edilmesi; ardından tüm Paganların (Helenler, Anadolulular, Balkanlılar) yüzyıllar boyunca Roma kilisesinin baskılarına karşı savaşması; ama sonunda tüm bu halklardan hayatta kalanların bugün sadık “Ortodoks Yunanlılar” haline gelmesi?

Yüzyıllar boyunca Batı Roma ile savaşan, ancak bugün Hıristiyanlığa dönen ve Roma imparatorluğuna medeniyetlerinin kökeni olarak saygı duyan Pagan Germen kabileleri?
Katolikler, Ortodokslar ve Protestanlar var oldukları ilk günden beri birbirlerini yok etmek için savaşırken bugün en iyi müttefikler gibi mi davranıyorlar?

Latinleşmiş Fransa, İspanya, Portekiz, Güney Amerika ve tüm Slavlaşmış, İranlaşmış, Araplaşmış halkların kendilerine zorla dayatılan mevcut kimliklerini, dinlerini ve dillerini benimsemeleri gibi mi?

En Güvenli Yol

Arnavutların gerçekten “Türkofil” olduğunu düşünmüyorum. Siz sadece muhtemelen insanların iyi geçinmesine tahammül edemiyorsunuz. Sorun da bu zaten.

Ancak bir gerçek var ki, halklar yoluna devam eder ve doğru düşünen insanlar kendilerine dayatılan tarihsel nefrete takılıp kalmak yerine yaralarının iyileşmesine izin verir ve bu eski kinin çağdaş ilişkilerini ele geçirmesine ve yönetmesine izin verir.

Bu gerçekten sağlıklı değil. Çünkü hiç kimse Skanderberg’i gerçekten hatırlayamaz. Sadece kendilerine öğretilenleri bilirler ve bize öğretilenler de genellikle manipülatif propagandadır.

Dolayısıyla en güvenli yol, tarih ile bugünkü ilişkileri birbirinden ayrı tutmaktır. Çünkü bugün yaşayan bir Türk‘ün Orta Çağ’da olanlarla hiçbir ilgisi yoktur. Eğer aksini düşünüyorsanız, siz de bu propagandanın bir kurbanı olmalısınız. Sizin de iyileşmeniz gerekiyor.

Hex Agon, Quora

Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Turkey Bucket List Guidebook: Walks, Sights, and Culture Across Two Continents

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Türkiye Road Atlas 2026/2027: A Practical Guide to Motorways, Highways, Regional Roads, Major Cities and Scenic Routes Across Türkiye.

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Rick Stein’s Secret France

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Colouring Book (Türkiye in Colour)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Learn Turkish for Beginners: The Complete Beginner’s Guide to Speak Turkish Naturally in Everyday Life, Travel & Conversations (The Everyday Fluency Series)

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Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire

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Türkiye (Turkey): Mediterranean Coast Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3019)

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Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World

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God's Battalions: A Study of the Crusades, Christian Warfare, and the Fight for the Holy Land

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

(45529)

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bodrum, & more (Travel Guide)

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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