The European Shores of the Bosphorus offer a stunning blend of historical landmarks, natural beauty, and vibrant neighborhoods. Here are some of its must-sees:

Dolmabahçe Palace:This opulent 19th-century palace was the last to be built by the Ottoman sultans. It’s famous for its European-inspired architecture and luxurious interiors.

Ortaköy Mosque:This beautiful Ottoman-era mosque is known for its distinctive pink facade and serene location on the Bosphorus waterfront.

Bosphorus Bridge:This iconic suspension bridge is one of the symbols of modern Istanbul. It offers stunning views of the Bosphorus Strait and the city skyline.

Yıldız Park:This sprawling park is a great place to escape the hustle and bustle of the city. It features gardens, forests, and several historical landmarks, including the Yıldız Palace.

Bebek:This upscale neighborhood is known for its waterfront cafes, restaurants, and bars. It’s a popular spot for people-watching and enjoying the Bosphorus views.

Arnavutköy:This charming neighborhood is located further north along the Bosphorus. It’s known for its traditional wooden houses, seafood restaurants, and relaxed atmosphere.

In addition to these specific attractions, the European Shores of the Bosphorus itself is a beautiful place to explore. You can take a Bosphorus cruise to get stunning views of the palaces, mosques, and other landmarks that line the shore. Or, you can simply relax at one of the many cafes or restaurants along the waterfront and enjoy the scenery.

The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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TURKEY TRAVEL GUIDE 2026-2027: Discover Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, Pamukhale & Antalya: Local Secrets, Expert Tips, Hidden Gems, Cultural Insights, and Smart Itineraries

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Istanbul (Eyewitness Travel Guides)

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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DK Eyewitness Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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The Rough Guide to Turkey (Travel Guide with eBook) (Rough Guide Main Series)

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The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Bake Sale

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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The History of Turkey: A Grand Chronicle of Anatolia (History of Turkey Books)

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Bosphorus Private - Assouline Coffee Table Book

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Benim bu akademik çalışmalarla ilgili söyleyeceğim şöyle bir şey var biz araştırma şeklimiz ile ilgili bazı değişiklikler yapmalıyız kanaatımca. O da şu Türkiye son dönemde alan uzmanlığına önem vermeye başladı. Çok doğru, yani farklı bölgelere yüksek lisans ve doktoraya öğrenci götürüyoruz. Ama fiilen burada şöyle bir sorun var. Mekanizmanın işlemeyen bir kısmı var. O da şu.

Mesela bölge dili için diyelim Hindistan’a gönderdik ama İngilizce yüksek lisans veya doktora yapıp dönüyorlar ve bölge dili öğrenilmiyor. Bu tabii gençlerimizin suçu değil, oradaki akademik kuruluşlar da buna bazen imkan vermiyor, yeni düzenlemeye ihtiyacımız var bana göre, o da şöyle.  Ana bölgelerle ilgili güçlü araştırma enstitüleri kurup, araştırma sahada araştırma bursu vermeliyiz öğrencilerimize, yani nedir bu, bursu gidip tayin edilmiş Hinduca kursunda Hinduca öğrenmek için almalı, sonrasında da diyelim mesela Dravitlerle ilgili araştırma yapacak veya işte oradaki Türk nüfusunun bakiyeleri ile ilgili folklorik araştırma yapacak, mimari araştırma yapacak, o araştırmayı fonlamalıyız, ama yerine gidecek ve yerinde araştırma yapacak.

Şimdi bizdeki doktora çalışmalarının çoğu ikincil kaynaklar üzerinde yorum ve analize dayanıyor. Ele kalem kağıt alıp kişilerle görüşme bunun yöntemlerini de çokça öğretmiyoruz, sahaya inmek, dolaşmak, ayakkabı eskitmek, tanımak, anlamak. Bunlar Türkiye’nin artık ihtiyaç duyduğu bilgi için çok önemli, çünkü kurulu paradigma yani biz şu anda sosyolojide şurada burada batı paradigması içindeyiz, bir değişim olmadı Akademide.

Ama siz kendi gözünüzle Asya‘yı yorumlayacaksanız bu paradigmanın üzerini örttüğü, görmediği bilgiye ulaşmalısınız, bunun bir boyutu teorik, bir boyutu da pratik, sahada sahaya dokunarak bilgiyi çıkarmalısınız, sözlü tarihe gitmelisiniz, konuşturmalısınız, dinlemelisiniz, anlayıp sentezlemelisiniz, orada bulduğunuzu buraya getirmelisiniz, o yüzden iyi düşünülmüş bir sistemdir, alan uzmanlığının teşvik edilmesi, ama fiiliyatta mesela İskandinavya‘ya öğrenci göndermişsiniz, ben danışmanlık şeylerinden biliyorum, diyor ki üniversitede bize şu konuyu çalıştırtmıyorlar diyor, mesela İskandinavya çalışmak istiyorum diyor, onun için biz göndermişiz, danışmanların tamamı reddediyor, sen Türkiye çalış yani Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu politikasını çalış İskandinav Üniversitesi’nde biz bunu tez olarak kabul edelim.

O zaman ne oluyor bizim alan uzmanlığı için ayırdığımız kaynak boşa gidiyor, o zaman ne yapmak lazım. Burada bir İskandinav Enstitüsü kurmak lazım, doktora programında burada kayıtlı olacak, buradaki tez konusunu araştırmak için İskandinavya’ya bursla gidecek, dil için gidecek. O kuruluşlarla bu araştırma konuları üzerinden ilişki kurmak lazım, ilişki modelini değiştirmezsek kaynaklarımız bizim murat ettiğimiz, ayırdığımız kaynaklardan murat ettiğimiz sonucu alamayacağız bir çok bölge ile ilgili.

Çok birşey yapmak isteyen bir genç nüfus var ama buna biz uygun sistemi kurmalıyız ve bundan da gocunmamalıyız, yani eksikliği gördük hemen değiştirebilmeliyiz.

Prof Dr Mehmet Akif Okur

Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Cats of Istanbul Volume 1: Coppertown

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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TURQUÍA GUÍA DE VIAJE 2025-2026: Explora Estambul, Capadocia, Antalya y Éfeso Como un local: consejos de expertos, joyas ocultas, sitios históricos e ... perfectos para cada viajero (Spanish Edition)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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TURKEY TRAVEL GUIDE 2026-2027: Discover Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, Pamukhale & Antalya: Local Secrets, Expert Tips, Hidden Gems, Cultural Insights, and Smart Itineraries

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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DK Eyewitness Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Collins Turkish Phrasebook and Dictionary Gem Edition: Your Indispensable Guide to Speaking the Local Language While Travelling (Collins Gem)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Bake Sale

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Bosphorus Private - Assouline Coffee Table Book

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Kaan Arslanoğlu‘nun, Atatürk’ün Dil ve Tarih Tezi söyleşisi bende Atatürk’ün Tezleri kavramını oluşturdu. Etkileşim her zaman üretkenlik ile eşdeğer.

Başlıkları Tezler ve Fikirler olarak ayırıp tezleri öne çıkarmamız daha uygun olacaktır. Atatürk sadece cumhuriyet ve laiklik kavramlarına indirgendiği için tezler kaybolup gidiyor.

TEZLER

1. Güneş-Dil ve Türk Dil Tezi
2. Türk Tarih Tezi
3. Dil Tarih Coğrafya
4. Türk Alfabesi
5. 6 Ok Doktrini
6. Türk Denizcileşmesi ve Türk Deniz Jeopolitiği
7. Ulus kavramı
8. Savaş Sanatı
9. Bin Yıl: Bin yıllık Ortaçağ Saltanatı ve Hilafet Karşıtlığı
10. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

https://www.insanbu.com/kaan-arslanoglu-Haberleri/877-ataturkun-dil-ve-tarih-tezi-dis-gucleri-neden-cok-tedirgin-etti-

Atatürk‘ün Dil Tezi, Güneş-Dil Kuramı / Kaan Arslanoğlu youtu.be

Atatürk‘ün Güneş-Dil Kuramı ırkçı bir kuram mı? youtu.be

‘Türk’ bilim adamları hakir gördü… Onlar Atatürk‘ün dil tezini savundu: Türkçe’yi yücelten Ermeniler odatv.com

FİKİR VE DÜŞÜNCELER

Dava

• Cumhuriyet
• Misak-ı Milli
• Türklük
• Tam Bağımsızlık; Manda Karşıtlığı
• Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm. Hürriyet ve İstiklal. Vatan ve Hürriyet
• Devrimcilik-Yenilikçilik
• Muasır Medeniyet
• Anadolu en az 7 bin yıllık Türk beşiğidir.
• Gençliğe Emanet
• Bilimcilik. Hayatta en hakiki mürşit bilimdir, fendir.
• Denizcilik
• Türkiye Halkı=Türk Ulusu
• Kültürel Milliyetçilik. Ne mutlu Türküm diyene
• Yurtta Barış Dünyada Barış
• Kayıp Haklarımız
• Türk Yurdu Hatay
• İlk hedef Akdeniz

Devlet

• Halkçılık. Halkın Devleti
• Egemenlik
• Tekalif-i Milliye
• Kuvayı Milliye
• Heyeti Temsiliye
• Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti

Dil

• Dil tarih coğrafya fakültesi tezi

Din

• Devlet ve Din işlerinin birbirinden ayrılması
• Amelde Hanefi; İtikatde Maturidi İslamiyet

Düşünce

• Akılcılık, gerçekçilik
• Hayalperest olmayan İdealizm
• Kadın Hakları
• Çocuklar
• Doğaya olan saygısı
• Sınıfsal ayrım karşıtlığı. Biz bize benzeriz
• Hititler ve Arkeoloji Kazıları
• Liderlik
• İş Bankası
• İzmir İktisat Kongresi

Dış Dünya

• Mayalar Aztekler
• Atlantis
• Sümerler
• Mu kıtası
• Mazlum Milletlerin bağımsızlık hakları için mücadele
• Şark’tan Doğan Güneş
• Türk ve Dünya kültür miraslarına sahip çıkma anlayışı..
• İnsanlık ve Uygarlık

.

TURKEY TRAVEL GUIDE 2026-2027: Discover Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, Pamukhale & Antalya: Local Secrets, Expert Tips, Hidden Gems, Cultural Insights, and Smart Itineraries

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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TURQUÍA GUÍA DE VIAJE 2025-2026: Explora Estambul, Capadocia, Antalya y Éfeso Como un local: consejos de expertos, joyas ocultas, sitios históricos e ... perfectos para cada viajero (Spanish Edition)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Türk Düşünür ve Filozoflar

Sevgili Doğan Göçmen hocam;

1. Yazınızda değindiğiniz filozofların düşünürlerin kavramlar üzerindeki gezintileri inanın insanın başını döndürüyor. Büyük bir zihinsel zenginlik bu
2. ⁠ Felsefi kavramlar geliştirme konusunda özellikle Alman filozoflarlar çok büyük çabalar harcamışlar.
3. ⁠ Türk düşünür ve filozoflara bu açıdan yaklaştığımızda nasıl bir karşılaştırma yapabiliriz.
4. ⁠ Bildiğim kadarıyla felsefe ile ilgili tercüme eserlerde kavramların türkçeye tercümesi konusunda çabalar ve çalışmalar görüyorum.
5. ⁠ Avrupalı filozoflar benzeri yeni felsefi kavramlar ortaya koyma konusunda ne durumdayız.
6. ⁠Türk felsefi kavramlar sözlüğüne baktığımızda (klasik dönemler ve çağdaş dönem) kavramsal bir zenginlik görebilmekte miyiz.
7.⁠ Yazınızda değindiğiniz ve filozofların işlediği Commonwealth kavramı aynı zamanda İngiliz Uluslar Topluluğunun da marka ismi.
8: Bu bana çok ilgi çekici geldi. İngiliz devleti felsefi referanslarla ilerliyor.
9. Biz neden benzer bir gelişme içerisinde değiliz.
10. Örneğin Kutadgu Bilig neden kurumsal bir adlandırma olarak da değerlendirilmemiş.

Hocam çok teşekkür ederim iyi bir hafta sonu dileklerimle

Levent Ağaoğlu

“Commonwealth” ve “Res publica” Kavramlarına Dair Kısa Bir Not

Eskilerin res publica ve civitas kavramlarından tam olarak ne anladığı, bunların modern anlamda devlet kavramıyla (-ki modern anlamda devletten bahsedilince, bununla genellikle ulus-devlet kastedilir) ne kadar örtüşüp örtüşmediği sorusu kendi başına bir araştırma ve çalışma konusudur. Bu kısa notun amacı, acilen gerekli olan böyle kapsamlı bir çalışmadan çok Hobbes’un commonwealth kavramının anlamını ortaya çıkarmak için bazı arkaplan bilgisi oluşturmaktır.

Bu kısa not ile Hobbes ve Leviathan üzerine verdiğim derslerde commonwealth kavramının “ortak varlık” olarak çevrilmesi gerektiğine dair ileri sürdüğüm iddiamı kısa da olsa gerekçelendirmek istiyorum. Böylelikle derslere katılan tartışma arkadaşlarıma verdiğim sözü bu kısa notla da olsa bir bakıma yerine getirmiş oluyorum.

Bilindiği üzere commonwealth, kelimesi kelimesine “ortak zenginlik” veya “ortak refah” olarak çevrilebilir ve günlük dilde bu şekilde çevrilmesinde ve kullanılmasında büyük bir sorun yoktur. Fakat kavram toplum ve siyaset felsefesinde belli bir anlam kazanmıştır. En geç Thomas Hobbes’un ortaya koyduğu toplum ve devlet kuramını “Common-Wealth” başlığı altında sunmasından bu yana aynı zamanda toplum ve siyaset felsefesinin en temel kavramlarından biri olmuştur. Bu nedenle kavramı basit bir şekilde “ortak refah” ve/veya “ortak zenginlik” olarak çevirmek yetmemektedir.

Hobbes, kavramı, genellikle ilk akla gelen res publica kavramıyla değil, bunun yerine civitas kavramıyla eş anlamda kullanıyor ve İngilizceye “devlet” (State) olarak çeviriyor. Belki de özellikle Hobbes’un commonwealth kavramını bu şekilde devlet kavramıyla eş anlamda kullanması ve bunu civitas kavramıyla eş anlamlı kılması nedeniyle kavram, İngilizcede sıkça devlet kavramıyla eşanlamda kullanılmaktadır. Fakat, commonwealth, örneğin Almanca ve Fransızca gibi birçok başka dillere de sıkça “devlet” olarak çevrilir.

Fakat Almancaya çevirirken Hobbes’un bu iki sözcüğü kavramlaştırırken etkili olan eskilerin “toplum”, “devlet” ve “yurttaş” gibi kavramlarla modernlerin bu kavramlara dair sahip olduğu anlam bakımından farkları dikkate alanlar daha dikkatlidir. Örneğin Leviathan’nın Suhrkamp baskısı için çeviren Walter Euchner kavramı Almancaya bazen, özellikle Hobbes’un, örneğin Leviathan’a girişte olduğu gibi, commonwealth ve state kavramlarını aynı cümle içinde kullandığı yerlerde “Gemeinwesen” olarak çevirmeyi tercih etmiştir –ki bu semantik olarak çok daha doğrudur.

Buna karşın Cicero’nun eserinin Artemis yayınevinden çıkan baskısının çevirmeni ve yayımcısı Karl Büchner, res publica kavramını ilkesel olarak Gemeinwesen kavramıyla karşılamıştır –ki eserin bu çevirisi bugün Almanca konuşulan dünyada klasikleşmiştir. Bu bağlamda Gemeinwesen kavramını Türkçeye “ortak varlık” olarak çevirmenin en iyi seçenek olduğu kanısındayım.

Fakat kavram klasik metinlerden Türkçeye aktarılırken genellikle “devlet” kavramıyla karşılanır. Başka dillere de kavram, etimolojisine ve semantiğine çok dikkat edilmeden sıkça “devlet” (the state, der Staat, l’Etat) olarak çevrilir. Kavramın Türkçeye de devlet olarak çevrilmesine en çok sebep olan belki de bu durumdur. Fakat hâlihazırda bu son derece yanlış ve yanıltıcıdır. Eskilerin ne “devlet” kavramı, ne “kamuoyu” kavramı ne de kamusal olan kavramı bizimkiyle örtüşüyor.

Aynı şekilde Rönesans döneminin ‘modernleri’ bu kavramları tam olarak bugün bizim kullandığımızla aynı anlamda kullanmıyor. Onlar bu konuda hem daha çok emin değiller (ki Adam Smith “sovereign” ve “commonwealth” kavramlarını eş anlamda kullanır WN I, 12) hem de kavramsal anlam bakımında eskilere daha yakındırlar. Aşağıda daha ayrıntılı olarak açıklayacağım nedenlerden ötürü, kavramı, Euchner’in önerisini dikkate alarak Türkçede de “ortak varlık” olarak karşılamayı tercih ediyorum.

Hobbes’un commonwealth kavramıyla tam olarak neyi kastettiğini görmek için belki de öncelikli olarak Cicero’nun, Rönesans döneminde neredeyse bir kült kitabı olan De re publica adlı diyaloğuna bakmak yerinde olacaktır. Zira Hobbes commonwealth kavramını Platon veya Aristoteles’ten çok Cicero’dan esinlenerek geliştirir. Öncelikle belirtecek olursak; Cicero, res publica kavramını, politeia kavramını eski Yunancadan Latinceye çevirmek üzere “teknik bir terim” olarak kullanmaktadır.

Bu bakımdan eski Yunanca politeia kavramı ile Latince res publica kavramları arasında semantik olarak bir “akrabalık”, bir anlam benzerliği vardır denebilir. Sonra; cumhuriyet (republic) kavramının da kökeni olan res publica kavramı kelimesi kelimesine “kamusal şeyler” anlamına gelmektedir, fakat bunu “kamusal meseleler” olarak almak en doğrusu olur. Cicero, De re publica’da (I,39) bu anlamda “res populi” (halkın şeyleri, halkı ilgilendiren şeyler) diyor. Zetzel kavramı İngilizceye “the concern of the people” olarak çeviriyor. Bu nedenle her iki kavramı da “halkın meselesi” veya “halkı ilgilendiren” olarak anlamlandırmak da hem res publica hem de commonwealth kavramlarına dair verimli yeni bakışlara yol açabilir. Zira Cicero da “res publica res populi” (kamusal meseleler/şeyler halkın meselesidir) kavramını kullanır.

Hobbes’un kullandığı commonwealth kavramının kökeni ve mümkün genel anlamına dair yaptığım bu açıklamalardan sonra kavramın siyaset felsefesini daha yakından ilgilendiren daha dar anlamına gelelim. Zetzel, Cicero’nun res publica kavramını farklı bağlamlarda deyim olarak rem publicam adire veya rem publicum gerere (kelimesi kelimesine “kamusal şeye yaklaşmak” veya “kamusal şeyi yerine getirmek”) anlamında kullandığına işaret ediyor. Bu bize kavramın daha çok politik anlamına giriş yapma olanağı sunuyor. Bu anlamda res publica kavramı hükümete katılmak ve politik makam sahibi olmak olarak da tanımlanabilir.

Bundan hareketle kavram, hükümetin anayasal biçimi anlamında alınabilir, bazı katılımcı cumhuriyet biçimlerini betimlemek için kullanılabilir. Bu bakımdan da res publica kavramı ahlaki olarak meşru olan anayasaları betimler sadece. Burada kavramın dar anlamına ilişkin söylediklerim belki de şu şekilde özetlenebilir: res publica kavramı bir devletin anayasal boyutlarına işaret eder –ki burada söz konusu olan özellikle devletin içindeki gücün yapılandırılmasıdır.

Burada kullanılan devlet kavramı bizi res publica kavramı ile eş anlamda kullanılan ve Hobbes’un da örneğin Leviathan’da commonwealth kavramı ile eş anlamda kullandığı başka bir kavrama, civitas kavramına götürüyor. Bilindiği üzere civitas kavramı yurttaş anlamına gelen civis kavramından türetilmiştir ve topluluk/toplum olarak bir araya gelmiş bireylerden oluşur. Bu kavram bugün modern dillerde “devlet” olarak karşılanmak istenirse, bu ancak oldukça nötr terim olarak mümkündür. Zira civitas kavramı devletin meşruluğu ve gücün yapılandırması üzerine herhangi bir şey içermez.

Bu bakımdan civitas kavramı tek başına res publica kavramına eş anlamda alınamaz. Zetzel, civitas kavramının herhangi bir sıfat tamlaması olmadan tek başına res publica kavramına eş anlamda alınabilmesinin doğru olmayacağını belirtiyor. Bunun ancak tüzük, durum, yer ve mevki gibi anlamları içeren status kavramıyla beraber, yani status civilis olarak kullanılması durumunda mümkün olabileceğini ileri sürmektedir.

Kant’ın Ahlakın Metafiziği’nde bu kavramlara dair sunmuş olduğu tanım, Zetzel’in konuya dair açıklamalarını desteklemektedir. Kant eserinde Devlet Hukuku’na kavramsal giriş olarak kaleme aldığı 43. paragrafta önce kamusal hukuk kavramını tanımlar. Kamusal hukuk, bir insan çokluğunun, yani bir halkın ya da “karşılıklı etkileşim içinde olan halklar çokluğunun” ilişkilerini kalıcı ve güvenilir bir şekilde düzenlemek için, “onları bir irade altında birleştiren hukuksal duruma, anayasaya (constitutio) ihtiyaç duyanların” kendilerine bir anayasa vermelerinin ardından zamanla oluşan “yasalar sistemidir”.

Oluşan bu sistemin amacı, herkese payına düşeni garanti etmek ve elde etmesini sağlamaktır. Bu duruma Kant, halk içinde bireylerin birbirleriyle ilişkilenmesi sonucu oluşması halinde “sivil durum” (bürgerlich; status civilis), bütünün kendi üyeleriyle (Glieder) ilişkilenmesi durumuna devlet (Staat; civitas) ve devlete, yani düzenlenmiş bir yasal durumda olmak için sisteminin biçim bakımından herkesin ortak çıkarının birliği olması durumuna, “ortak varlık” (gemeine Wesen res publica latius sic dicta) der.
Not: Kaynakçalar bende mevcuttur.

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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TURKEY TRAVEL GUIDE 2026-2027: Discover Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, Pamukhale & Antalya: Local Secrets, Expert Tips, Hidden Gems, Cultural Insights, and Smart Itineraries

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Wonders of Istanbul: A Photo Collection of the City’s Most Beautiful Places to See – A Stunning Coffee Table Travel Photobook

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

(475378)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Colors of Asia: A Visual Journey

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The History of Turkey: A Grand Chronicle of Anatolia (History of Turkey Books)

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Avrasya ve Asya-Pasifik ile ticari teması ve kültür alışverişini atalarımız 2000 yıl önce dünyaca bilinen İpek Yolu ile gerçekleştirmiştir. Çin ile Türkiye’yi bağlayan İpek Yolu, Türkiye’yi kat ettikten sonra ‘’Via Egnatia” ile Balkanlar’da devam ederek Avrupa’ya doğru uzanmaktadır.

11-12.yüzyıllarda İpek Yolu uzantısı olarak Via Egnatia

Elizabeth A.Zachariadou, Sol Kol – Osmanlı Egemenliğinde Via Egnatia, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999

https://www.viaegnatiafoundation.eu/

Istanbul Travel and History Guide 2026–2027: Famous Landmarks, Historic Mosques & Palaces, Local Neighborhoods,Turkish Food and Traditions, Bosphorus Cruises, Things to Do, Day Trips, Simple Itinerar

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

(385130)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: Top Places to Visit, Things to Do, Exploring Neighborhood, Itineraries, Festivals and Events, Food and Drink, Shopping, ... History And Culture. (EXPLORE THE GLOBE)

(5052)

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Turkey - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture

(46576)

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The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria

(425284)

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Colors of Asia: A Visual Journey

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Bake Sale

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

(455195)

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

(465105)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

(455126)

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