This is the presentation. This is the mine. This is from here. This is Cairo. This is Al-Zawi. This is the most coast. This is from here to here. This is lower Egypt. This is, Nubia, Nubia extent to there.  This is Sudan.  The Nubian areas from here to here. From  from Aswan to Khartoum.  and to there.  So, this part are the Nubian civilization.  Most of them are Nubian. They have two languages. The language are    and go.  They have their own language. It’s the pronunciation language, it’s more than language.   The lower Egypt here, they are the comes from the pharonic civilization.  But most of them now they are we can’t say they are pharonic or not, but most of them are Arabs, because when the Arabs come from this area, from the Gulf area and the Saudi Arabia. So they settled in this area, in lower Egypt. This lower, I’m sorry, this is upper Egypt. Upper Egypt.  This is lower Egypt.  because the land is high from the south and low from the most.    That’s why this is lower Egypt, upper Egypt, this is lower.  This part of land, most of them are Coptic. And the Coptic are settled also in Asyut, because when they escaped from the,  problems during the Greek time and the Romanian time, they settled in Asyut and Mania and Benesue. Part of them. Part of the, part of here is Coptic. A lot of Coptics, you found it in upper Egypt.  And also the lower Egypt, from in Alexandria.  This part in, I’m sorry.

Do you know the end the most cost are between? Here the Libyan between and here the Arab between.  But most of them are from one family.  Like Ben Ali. Qabail it’s like troops. Troops Ben Ali. Ben Ali origins are Yamaniyan from Yemen.  They are actually Arabs.  So are two very mixed civilization from the Nubian and Pharaonic Arabs and Copics.  And also the Bedouins.  But the Bedouins, we have we are not entitled in Copics and army and  Not entitled this. We are not entitled. We used to live separately.  The families of the Bedouin are mixed from here to here.  Find the relatives to all our flowers. This is a mixed civilization in Egypt.  Five main main ingredients. Five main. For example, in Spain, I know Spanish language 20% is Arabic. Arabic. In Egypt, how many percent is Arabic and how many percent? 100 of percent. Means that these these  four  layers are covered covered totally by Arabs. So Arabs like Turks  settled down, Turks settled down in Anatolia because there were no Turks before before  1,000 after AD, there were no Turks. In Egypt also  Arabs came  it’s 600  when? Yes,  600 650 600 Yeah, yeah. Yeah.  so now  but  now on the face, it’s Arabic. But where are these Copics and their  their understanding, their contributions, where the new no no the Nubians only in the first. Yeah. The contributions of Copics and Nubians, they are  their lively or they are dead. They are are they dead civilizations? Copics are like the dead civilization.  But the Copics are the Christians the Copics are the Christians.   And then the sounds of the Egyptian civilization, pyramids, are they? No. Who are they?  they are actually Egyptians, if they still kept their religious are are a Christian because when the part of the time Egypt Egypt was a Christian was Coptic.

comes from Egypt means the black soil. Hmm. This is a Latin word. Oh. The black soil. The black soil means Egypt. Egypt comes from Kemit. The Kemit. Kemit transferred to the Egypt in the English language. Hmm. But the origin of Kemit is the black soil, the name of Egypt. Black soil means black face. No, the black soil, the black land. Ah, the soil is black. Yeah. Ah, the the where is the black soil? Because it is the the mud of the Nile. of the Nile is the soil. Black soil is black soil is also fertile soil, fertile soil, sorry. Where are fertile. Yeah. That comes from the name of Egypt comes from Egypt. Egypt comes from Kemit, Kemit is the name, the origin name of Egypt. Mister? Mister the name of Egypt? Oh. Miss is called it Master. Oh. Mister comes from Israel, Israel is the the the eldest daughter of Adam. Which the name comes from Master. When when I’m sorry, not Adam, it’s Noah. Noah. Yeah, eldest daughter of Noah. So it so Master was   she she yeah. Not he. He, he, he. He’s a man. He’s a mate. He’s the great the grand the grand son of Noah. When Noah. moves from the the floating of of the land. So, one of his sons settled in Egypt. He said to my God, father, I need to settle in this land and the land, I will settle. And then he he approved him to settle in Egypt and give the name of Egypt to Egypt, Mister for his son. So that is the name of Egypt comes from. So after that you want to like you saw the Coptic, the Christian. Coptic because they are comes from the origin of the soil. They are the base of Egypt, they are the Christian. The people who they transferred their religious from pharaonic religious to the the Christian religious and they kept during the Arabian time, during the Muslim time, they kept the religious as Christian. Most of them are the base of the Egyptian, but now they are like 7 or 8%. 7% or 8% of the Egyptian people. Coptics. Coptics, Christians. And they are the original Egyptians. They are the original Egyptians. The the pyramids, pharaohs, who were they? For pyramids? The pyramids people, old the old Egyptian civilization.

the the colonization of course. The the are comes  pharaohs. The pharaohs, right? Pharaohs. . The they are coming from the the starting from the first dynasty. Till the fifth dynasty. This is the pharaohs. This between 3,000 B. C. until the the pharaohs time from 2,000 2,500 B. C. till 3,500 B. C. It’s 1,000 years, ah, till pharaohs. The pharaohs  are  they are originals of Egypt, yes? Like Coptics, they are originals, the Coptics. But they are they start to appear in, you can say, like, starting from 200 A. D.  A. D., later. The the the pharaohs are pharaohs are earlier, earlier. So the Coptics, they are already the the national of Egypt who believed in creating the Christ and the and they transcribed religions from the pharaonic gods to the one god. And the Christian God, but  the the name Egypt is given by  Coptics, not pharaohs, though pharaohs are older. Yeah, the pharaohs are older. But they didn’t will give their name. So this is interesting to me. Egypt during the period during the pharaonic age, it’s called Kemet. Yes. Kemet is the name of Egypt during the pharaohs. So the Coptic get takes their name from Kemet transcribe to Coptics. . And Coptic, transcribe to Egypt in the English language. So  Christians  gave the name.  it is the same story like Turkey. It is the same.  in Cappadocia region, there were Christians and then  they created later the Roman Empire. It is the same story. It is the same, same. So,  when we look at the face of the Egyptian people,  of 7, 8% is Christians, but all are Arabs. Mostly Arabs. But if the base language is Arab. What they are, okay, the face, the face and the language is Arab, but the language Arab is the base is the base. Mix is Arab, but the base is mixed. Yes, the base, yes, the language, the language is Arab. But the features of this are mixed. Yeah, this is very important. Yes. Because you can find black Christian, white Christian.

Muslims. Why, why Muslims? Like the Nubians, the Nubians are of most of them, all of them are Muslims. Then Nubians, upper Egypt. All of them are Muslims. Part of the middle, it’s lower Egypt, upper Egypt are Arabs and Coptic, but the north is the most different, while, because all of the region is the Egypt. The river comes from the east, who comes from the west, they are sitting in the north Egypt. Like his Alexandria, the north. So, it’s a very mixed kind to find. You can find most, a lot of them it looks like Indian, Turkish, because they have a lot of Turkish families. And they still carry very old names. So, it’s very mixed colonization.  . But the only part in Egypt, their origin are the Nubian and the Bedouins. Because they are in the. Yeah, isolated. Isolated, Bedouins, they are isolated, isolated in the desert in the west and mountain. Isolated in upper Egypt, isolated, the Nubian is in the Southern West. Yes. Yes. So they didn’t change their  Yes. Features and faces. And they stick to their original language, they still stick to their original language. The Nubian, the Nubian. Nubian language is are, are all of the. But they, they write in the traditions of their original language. Like the Red Indians in America. The Nubian language is African language. Actually, but, but it looks like. It’s African language. African to me is very interesting because  human adventure started in Africa. First man appeared in Africa. And first to. First man like Adam maybe in Africa or maybe in India. A lot of people say Adam came in Egypt. Part of them say from Africa, but nobody sure. The abilities of humans, humans,  abilities are rearing in Africa. At the very base, this is, this is I,  I read, I read. The abilities of thinking started in Africa, but later Africa suffered a lot because of, because of this is western. Westerners. So,  reality,  first time I heard,  I talked to make a conversation with you to take this information. Why? Because  Turkey and  Egypt as I told you, two centers.

One center, no? Yeah, a lot of relationships because of the Turkish here, [laughter]. Mmm. Is this? This is to the control the interest of Asia and Europe together. Yes. Yes. If they become together, the world. Yes. Yes. Yes. This is the Yes. Yes. This is very interesting. Oh, thank you very much, Muhammad, thank you.  no, no, no, I, I can wait. I will, I will compile these notes and then I will send back to you as well. So, I will send my pictures, photographs from the presentation.  because as I told you, 3M, right?  in the master, in the Mesopotamia, Mawarannya. So, these are the center of Mediterranean civilization, covered by Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, and there is one Mawarannya. two rivers but the countries of Morena,  the the two river, the two river, you say Morena, yeah. Yes. And they hold. Yes.  Samara and John, yes? Yeah. And these countries,  Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, yes. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, mainly. mainly Uzbekistan. Mainly Uzbekistan.  and some, some theory says that the, the dam of  that is built by,  by Russians? Russians? Well, in the in the Quran is story of the Quran. I think some theories say that this them built in this area. Morena countries. in,  the 9th, the 9th is,  built the. Zull Carnan, yes. Zull Carnan, when he built the dam to isolate,   the people who Morena, my, my, my, very. You can send me, later you will send me mail, h? You will send me mail. You will send me mail.  valid, this is a theory by a,  German, German thinker. He has published philosophical Atlas. In this Atlas, he say, the, the, the areas between Nile and Amudarya, Amudarya.

is Jayhun. Jayhun. He’s the center of towa. [unintelligible] is the center of towa. You think how many rivers? five rivers. [unintelligible] and there comes, and later comes,  Indus and Ganj. Yes, India. India, very India. Well, time to go. Thank you very much for your contribution. moment. So, I will share. I have your phone and then we will share, h? Thank you very much. It was a great contribution to me with your especially this information, this data. Now, time to go. Yes. Yes, here, here, the car is here. is here.  he has nagila.

March, 2017

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1. Ekonomik Nedenler: Macaristan, tarım ve ticaret açısından verimli topraklara sahipti. Osmanlılar için bu bölgeyi kontrol etmek ekonomik açıdan avantaj sağlayacaktı.
2. Dini Nedenler: Osmanlı-Safevî veya Hristiyan Avrupa çatışmalarında olduğu gibi, dini farklılıklar da savaşın psikolojik ve ideolojik gerekçelerini güçlendiriyordu. Osmanlılar için “cihat” söylemi bazı seferlerde motivasyon unsuru olabiliyordu.
3. Savaşın Kısa Vadeli Tetikleyicisi: Bu savaş Osmanlı için bir dönüm noktasıdır: Macaristan’ın büyük kısmı Osmanlı egemenliğine girmiştir.
4. Savaşın taktiksel ve stratejik nedenleri Mohaç Savaşı’nın esas nedeni, Osmanlı’nın Orta Avrupa’ya doğru genişleme ve Macaristan’ı güvenli bir sınır bölgesi olarak kontrol etme stratejisidir. Yani kısa ve net olarak: Stratejik genişleme: Osmanlı, Balkanlar’dan Orta Avrupa’ya doğru ilerleyerek hem Macaristan’ı ele geçirmek hem de Avrupa’daki güç dengesini lehine çevirmek istiyordu. Sınır güvenliği: Osmanlı için Macaristan, batı sınırını savunmak ve Avrupa’daki potansiyel tehditleri önlemek açısından kritik bir bölgeydi. Bu zaferin arkasında kayıplar ve stratejik bedeller de vardır.
5. Osmanlı neyi kaybetti? Macaristan’ın tamamen ele geçirilememesi. Zafer büyük olmasına rağmen Macaristan tam olarak Osmanlı’ya katılamadı. II. Lajos öldü ama ülke ikiye bölündü: Bir kısmı Osmanlı himayesindeki Budin Beylerbeyliği, Diğer kısmı Habsburgların (Avusturya’nın) eline geçti. Bu durum, Osmanlı-Habsburg rekabetini başlattı ve yaklaşık 150 yıl sürecek Avrupa cepheli savaşlar zincirine yol açtı.➤ Yani Mohaç zaferi, bir yandan Avrupa kapılarını açarken, öte yandan Osmanlı’yı sürekli Batı ile savaşmak zorunda bıraktı.
6. Aşırı genişleme sendromu Osmanlı, Avrupa içlerine kadar ilerledi ama bu genişleme idari, lojistik ve mali açıdan aşırı yük Macar topraklarının korunması için sürekli ordu bulundurmak, merkezî hazinenin yükünü artırdı.
7. Mohaç Savaşı kapitülasyonların nedeni midir? Kapitülasyonlar, Mohaç’tan 11 yıl sonra (1537-1538) değil, 1536 yılında Fransa Kralı I. François ile imzalandı. Bu anlaşma askerî değil diplomatik bir karardı. Osmanlı, Avrupa’daki Habsburg gücünü (özellikle Kutsal Roma İmparatoru Şarlken’i) dengelemek için Fransa’yı müttefik yapmak Fransızlara verilen ticari imtiyazlar (“kapitülasyonlar”) bu siyasi ittifakın karşılığıydı. Ama dikkat: Eğer Mohaç’ta Osmanlı bu kadar güçlü bir zafer kazanmasaydı, Fransa gibi büyük bir Avrupa devleti Osmanlı ile ittifaka yanaşmazdı. Yani Mohaç, kapitülasyonların zeminini hazırlayan güç gösterisi oldu.
8. Mohaç zaferi Osmanlı’nın yükselme dönemi üzerindeki “gizli dönüm noktası” yönü (yani zaferin ileride çöküşe nasıl zemin hazırladığı).O halde Mohaç Savaşı’nı yalnızca bir zafer değil, Osmanlı tarihinin “yüksekten düşüş” eğrisini başlatan görünmez kırılma noktası olarak ele alalım.
9. Mohaç: Zaferin İçindeki Çöküş Çekirdeği Zaferin Psikolojisi: “Yenilmezlik inancı” Mohaç, Osmanlı’ya Avrupa karşısında “yenilmezlik” duygusu kazandırdı.Bu duygu bir süre özgüven, sonra kibir haline dönüştü. Osmanlı artık Avrupa’yı siyasî muhatap değil, fetih alanı olarak gördü. Bu psikoloji, uzun vadeli diplomasi ve bilgi rekabeti yerine askerî güçle hükmetme alışkanlığını besledi.→ Sonuç: Avrupa bilgi, bilim ve hukukta ilerlerken Osmanlı kendini fetihle tanımlamaya devam etti.
10. Coğrafî genişleme, yönetim sınırlarını aştı Mohaç’la birlikte Osmanlı artık çok cepheli bir imparatorluk haline geldi: Batıda Habsburglar, Doğuda Safevîler, Denizde Venedik, İspanya, Ceneviz. Bu geniş alan, merkezî idarenin ve klasik tımar sisteminin dayanma gücünü aştı. Artık toprak kazanmak kut getirmiyor, yük getiriyordu.→ Sonuç: İmparatorluk “idari doygunluk” sınırını geçti.
11. Ekonomik yön: Avrupa’ya açılan pazar, kendi düzenini kemirdi Mohaç sonrasında Osmanlı Avrupa ticaretine daha fazla entegre oldu.1536’daki Fransız kapitülasyonları bu entegrasyonun siyasi karşılığıydı. Başlangıçta kazanç gibi görünse de, uzun vadede: Avrupa malları Osmanlı pazarlarını doldurdu, Osmanlı üretimi ve ticaret burjuvazisi gelişemedi.→ Sonuç: Osmanlı’nın Avrupa’ya açılması, kendi iç iktisadî düzenini zayıflattı.
12. Zihnî sonuç: Düşünceden stratejiye geçiş eksikliği Mohaç dönemi Osmanlısı hâlâ “fetih ideolojisi”yle hareket ediyordu. Fakat 16. yüzyıldan sonra Avrupa’da yeni bir çağ başlıyordu: Rönesans – Reform – Bilim Devrimi. Osmanlı bu dönüşümü fark edemedi; çünkü zafer sarhoşluğu bilgi arayışını bastırdı.→ Sonuç: Osmanlı, güçte zirvede iken zihinde durağanlığa
13. Tarih felsefesi açısından Mohaç, Ibn Haldun’un döngüsel tarih teorisiyle okunabilir: “Devletler en yüksek kudret anında çöküş sebeplerini içinde taşır.”Osmanlı da Mohaç’ta bu kudret doruğuna çıktı —ama tam o anda genişleme sınırını aşarak gerileme yasasını başlattı.
14. Sonuç – Felsefi Öz Mohaç, Osmanlı’nın kılıçla kazandığı son büyük zafer,
    kalemle kaybettiği ilk büyük dengeydi. Bu savaş, dışarıdan fetih, içeriden farkında olunmayan zihinsel çözülme başlangıcıydı. Zaferin içindeki kayıp, toprak değil — ölçü duygusunun kaybıydı.
15. Kudretin Zirvesi 1526 yazında Osmanlı ordusu, Avrupa’nın kalbine uzanan yeşil bir ova üzerinde toplandı: Mohaç. Bu sefer, sadece bir savaş değil; bir çağın kapılarını aralayan yürüyüştü. Kanunî Sultan Süleyman’ın ordusu, hem İslâm dünyasının hem de insanlık tarihinin o dönem en disiplinli gücüydü. Macar Krallığı birkaç saat içinde tarihten silindi. Avrupa’nın kalbi Osmanlı’ya açılmıştı. Fakat tarih, dış yüzüyle anlatıldığında kolay görünür; iç yüzünde ise zaferin ardında gizlenen kayıplar vardır. Mohaç, Osmanlı’nın yükselişinin zirvesiydi; fakat tam o zirvede, imparatorluğun ruhuna ilk “ağırlık” düşmüştü.
16. Fetihten Sonra Ne Olur? Osmanlı zihniyeti, yüzyıllarca “fetih” kavramı etrafında şekillendi. Fetih, Tanrı’nın izniyle adaletin genişlemesiydi; bir siyasî eylemden çok metafizik bir görevdi. Fakat Mohaç’tan sonra Osmanlı, fethetmeyi sürdürdü ama fethin anlamını kaybetmeye başladı. Mohaç, sadece toprak kazandırmadı — aynı zamanda imparatorluğun ölçüsünü genişletti. Ama genişleyen ölçü, düşünceyle değil; güçle ölçülmüştü. Bundan sonra Osmanlı, düşünceyi değil, iktidarı koruma refleksiyle hareket edecekti. İbn Haldun’un dediği gibi: “Devletin kudreti kemaline erdiği anda çöküş sebebi de içinden doğar.” Mohaç tam da bu kemalin anıdır — zaferin içinde gizlenen yorgunluk, genişliğin içindeki dağılma.
17. Zaferin Bedeli: Zihinsel Durağanlık Mohaç, Osmanlı’ya Avrupa’nın kapılarını açtı; ama aynı zamanda Avrupa’nın aynasını da gösterdi. O aynada Rönesans’ın ışığı parlıyordu. Avrupa düşünüyordu, sorguluyordu, yeniden doğuyordu. Osmanlı ise kazandıkça düşünmeyi unuttu. Zaferler düşünceyi değil, güveni besler. Oysa düşünce, zaferin bittiği yerde başlar. Mohaç’tan sonra Osmanlı, kendini düşüncenin değil, kudretin devamı olarak gördü. Bu yüzden Avrupa’nın bilimle, hukukla, felsefeyle kurduğu yeni dünya düzenini tam okuyamadı. Kılıç kazandı, ama kalem yavaşça geri çekildi.
18. Kapitülasyonun Ruhsal Kökeni On yıl sonra Fransa’ya verilen kapitülasyonlar sadece ekonomik bir taviz değildi. Bu, Mohaç’ta başlayan bir zihinsel sürecin siyasal yansımasıydı: “Ben güçlü oldukça, müttefikler bana gelir.” Bu düşünce bir süre işledi, fakat zamanla bağımlılığa dönüştü. Mohaç’ın meydanında kazanılan mutlak güç, diplomasinin masasında paylaşılan çıkara dönüştü. Güç, paylaşılmaya başlandığında artık saf güç değildir; kendi güvenliğini dış ilişkilerle koruma çaresizliğidir.
19. Felsefî Sonuç: Zaferin İçindeki Kayıp Mohaç, tarihsel olarak bir fetih; ama felsefî olarak insanın kendi sınırını aşma anıdır. Osmanlı, o anda kendini doğudan batıya, doğadan tarihe çevirdi. Artık bir coğrafya değil, bir kader yönetiyordu. Ve her kader gibi, kendi ağırlığını taşıyamadığı yerde çökmeye yazgılıydı. Zaferin görünmeyen bedeli buydu: Topraklar genişledikçe, zihin daraldı. Ordular büyüdükçe, düşünce küçüldü. Kılıç keskin kaldı, ama kavrayış köreldi.
20. Epilog: Mohaç’ın Sükûtu Tarihçiler Mohaç’ı “iki saatte biten zafer” olarak yazarlar. Fakat felsefeci için Mohaç, beş asır süren bir yankıdır. O yankı hâlâ duyulur: Bir milletin kendi kudretine inanırken, o kudretin sınırını unutma sesi. Mohaç, Osmanlı’nın kalbinde açan bir gül gibiydi: güzelliğiyle büyüledi, dikenleriyle kanattı.

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Levent Ağaoğlu: Bir şair olarak muhteşem mutlu oldum. Neden? Öncelikle Şaban Gülbahar Bey’e ve Özcan Bey’e bu toplantıyı düzenledikleri için müteşekkirim, çünkü strateji dediğimizin ki Avrasya Vakfının temelinde yatan strateji ama bizim en stratejik belgelerimiz şiirlerdir. Oğuz Kağan destanı gibi şiirlerdir. Kutadgu Bilig 6000 küsür beyitten oluşan bir şiirdir. O zaman şiirin stratejinin esas özü de dildir tabii. Biz burada bu dilin Türkçenin ne kadar yaygın bir sahada olduğunu kendimiz görmüş olduk. Ben Fatih doğumluyum. Annem Üsküp doğumludur. Küçükken, Fatih’in, Feyzi Paşa Caddesi’nde Mehmet Nurdoğan hocamız bunu bana ilham verdi. Anacığımla geziniyoruz. İşte 60’lı yılların başı. Anne demişim, vitrinde bana erguvani arabayı al. Vitrinde çok güzel bir çocuk arabası.  Şimdi ben o erguvani sözcüğünü anamdan duydum herhalde, değil mi? Anamın dili Üsküp’teki o Türkçe. Şimdi öz Türkçe, Osmanlıca, geçelim onları bu Türkçe. Ben şiir kitabı yazıyorum, bakıyorum ha, daha öncesi, lisedeyim, Şehremini lisesinden, hocamız Ergun Yordam. Ya Levent dedi sen amma çok Osmanlıca kelimeler kullanıyorsun. Sonradan aklıma o erguvani de geldi, bebekliğim de geldi. Dönüp baktığımda şiir kitabımı yazdım, içinde hep yok öyle bir şey. Bunların hepsi Türkçe’dir. Biz dili ayrıştıramayız. Ya sen Osmanlıcasın, sen Arapçasın, Farsçasın. Arapça, Farsça dediklerimiz de hepsi Türkçe’dir. Arap müşterim havaalanında gidiyor diyor ki, valizine ceset diyor. Bir dakika dedim ya, o ceset diyor ama biz o cesedi, valizi o ceset demiş ama biz içini başka bir şekle sokmuşuz.

Burada ben dili gördüm. Kendim bu Türk edebiyatı eserler veritabanı var Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi’nin. Oradaki şairleri sınıflamıştım üç sene önce falan. Haritasını da oluşturdum. Şimdi o haritanın burada ne kadar oturduğunu kendi gözlerimle gördüm. Bakın en başta Türkiye dışındaki 218 şehirde 1858 şair Türkçe şiirler yazmış. En başta Azerbaycan var. Beyefendi burada. 256 şairle. Bağdat var 85 şiirle hanımefendi burada. Selanik, Tebriz, Bosna. Kerkük, Manastır, Prizren, Bulgaristan. Bakın bu toplantı bu bölgelerin hepsini kapsamış. O açıdan o bana çok çok ilginç geldi. Onunla çok mutlu oldum. Çok teşekkür ederim bu toplantıların devamını ve bu toplantının da kitaplaşmasını gerçekten arzu ederim. Bu şekilde Avrasya Bir vakfında da bu gelenek canlandırılsın. Çok teşekkürler. Çok teşekkür ediyoruz.

Özcan Ünlü: Çok teşekkür ediyoruz Erdoğan’a da. Kıymetli dostlar, Adnan Özer Bey’e çok teşekkür ediyoruz. Salih Okumuş Hocamıza çok teşekkür ediyoruz. Selim Babullaoğlu beyefendiye çok teşekkür ediyoruz. Erol Tufan Beyefendiye çok teşekkür ediyoruz ve Ayşe Türkmen Hanımefendiye çok teşekkür ediyoruz bugünkü program için ve bize engin ev sahipliği için, elbette hepimize ev sahipliği ama baş sedrimiz Şaban Gülbahar Bey’e de çok teşekkür ediyoruz.  sağ olsunlar var olsunlar. Şimdi bir plaket programımız var. Dostlarımıza kitap hediyemiz var. Evet. Ondan sonra da ikramımıza geçeceğiz. Şimdi aramızda hocalarımız var. Harun Önder abimiz de burada.  Plaketlerimizi alalım.  Muhammed Hocam. Harun Hocam, buyurun. Ahmet Çelik Bey burada. Buyurun

Blue Guide Istanbul

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BAŞARI VE BAŞARI YOLU

•  Ben, bir işte nasıl muvaffak olacağımı düşünmem; o işe neler mâni olur, diye düşünürüm. Engelleri kaldırdım mı, iş kendi kendine yürür. (Hasan Rıza Soyak, Yakınlarından Hatıralar, 1955, s. 10)
• Yeni kuruluşlar için bina, para, ortam imkânlarından söz edilmesi üzerine söyledikleri: Gerekli sebeplerde hata ediyorsunuz! Bana, yeni bir tesis yapacağınız yerde cansız maddelerden bahsediyorsunuz; halbuki bana adamdan bahsetmelisiniz! Filân yerde Ali Bey var deyin; onu, bana tasvir eden! Eğer bu Ali Bey istenen adamsa binayı da, parayı da, etrafına toplanacak kitleyi de yaratır. Taşa toprağa değil, insana kıymet verin!1933 (Atatürk’ten B.H., s. 59)

• Herhangi bir zorluk önünde kaldığım zaman benim yaptığım iş şudur: Vaziyeti iyice tespit etmek, sonra bu vaziyet karşısında alınacak tedbirin ne olduğuna karar vermek. Bu kararı bir kere verdikten sonra artık acaba yapayım mı, yapmayayım mı, diye tereddüt etmemek, tereddütsüz kararı tatbik etmek ve muvaffak olacağıma inanarak tatbik etmek! (Asım Us. G.D.D., s. 109)

• Ağır ve kesin bir kararın doğruluğuna inanmak için, vaziyeti her köşesinden mütalâa etmek lâzımdır. Ağır ve kesin bir karar tatbik edilmeye başlandıktan sonra “Keşke şu tarafını, bu tarafını da düşünseydim.. Belki bir çıkar yol bulurduk. Yeniden bunca kan dökmeye, bunca can yakmaya ihtiyaç kalmazdı!” gibi tereddütlere yer kalmamalıdır. Böyle bir tereddüt, karar sahibinin vicdanında kanayan bir nokta olur ve onu yaptığının doğruluğundan da şüpheye düşürür. Bundan başka beraber çalışacak olanlar, yapılandan başka bir şey yapılmak ihtimali kalmadığına inanmalı. 1919 (Falih Rıfkı Atay, Atatürk’ün B.A., s. 97)

• Bazen hiç umulmadık adamdan, ben pek çok şeyler öğrenmişimdir. Hiçbir kanaati, değersiz görmemek lâzımdır. Neticede, kendi fikrimi uygulayacak bile olsam, herkesi ayrı ayrı dinlemekten zevk alırım. (Salih Bozok, Yakınlarının Ağzından Atatürk, Yazan: Selâhaddin Güngör, s. 30)

• Verdiğiniz emrin yapılmasından emin olmak istiyorsanız, tâ en son gerçekleşme ucuna kadar, kendiniz onun başında bulunmalısınız.(Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın, Atatürk T. ve D. K. H., s. 10)

• İlerlemek yolunda yapılacak her mühim girişimin, kendine göre mühim mahzurları vardır. Bu mahzurların en az dereceye indirilmesi için tedbir ve girişimlerde kusur etmemek lâzımdır.1921 (Nutuk II, s. 600)

• Benim yaptığım işler, biri diğerine bağlı ve lüzumlu olan şeylerdir. Fakat, bana yaptıklarımdan değil, yapacaklarımdan bahsedin! (Afetinan, Atatürk Hakkında H.B., s. 301)
• Benim her emrim yapılır, çünkü benden yapılmayacak emirler çıkmaz! (Asaf İlbay, Atatürk Anekdotlar – Anılar. Der : Kemal Arıburnu, s. 28)

• Büyük kararlar vermek kâfi değildir. Bu kararları cesaret ve kesinlikle tatbik etmek lâzımdır. (Baki Vandemir, Atatürk, Atatürk Görüşler ve Hatıralarla, s. 96)

• Çalışmak, umumî kanundur; gelir sahipleri zenginler dahi, bu kanundan hariç kalamazlar; mevcut servetini millî servetin ziyadeleşmesine yardım edecek surette kullanmalıdır. Bir zengin, bedenî çalışmadan uzak kalabilir; fakat bu takdirde, faaliyetini fikir meşguliyetine yöneltmelidir. 1930 (Afetinan, M.B. ve M.K. Atatürk’ün El Yazıları, s. 538)

• Çalışmak, gerçekte zahmetli değildir. Yalnız, tutulan iş ile şahsın kabiliyetleri ve zevkleri arasında uygunluk olmalıdır. 1930 (Afetinan, M.B. ve M.K Atatürk’ün El Yazıları, s. 75; 534)

• Neticesiz uğraşmak, çalışma sayılmaz. Hiçbir şey yapmamak veyahut neticesiz, mânasız şeyler yapmak, çalışma kanununa karşı büyük kabahattir. 1930 (Afetinan, M.B. ve M.K. Atatürk’ün El Yazıları, s. 536)

• Çalışma, insanların bedensel kuvvetlerini geliştirir ve hayat için gerekli olan şeyleri temin eder. Çalışmaksızın, fikrî gelişme ve ahlâkî olgunlaşma da mümkün değildir. 1930 (Afetinan, M.B. ve M. K. Atatürk’ün El Yazıları, s. 535)

• İnsan, çalıştığı işin eli altında veyahut kafasının içinde eserini büyümekte ve  yükselmekte gördüğü zaman ne büyük zevk duyar. Bu eser, ister çiftçinin hasadı, ister mimarın evi veyahut heykeltraşın heykeli, ister bir âlimin veya bir sanatkârın keşfi, kitabı olsun, zevk birdir. Zevk, bütün zahmetleri, saban arkasında dökülen terleri, sanatkârın, düşünürün bazen pek elemli olan yorgunluklarını derhal unutturur.1930 (Afetinan, M.B. ve M. K. Atatürk’ün El Yazıları, s. 75 – 76; 536 – 537)

• İnsanlar ferdî olarak çalışırlarsa muvaffak olamazlar. Çünkü Allah insanları yaratırken onlara öyle bir muhtaçlık vermiştir ki, her insan hemcinsi insanlarla çalışmaya mecbur ve mahkûmdur. Bu iştirak faaliyeti, âdeta bir ilâhî ihtiyaç olunca, maksatları birleştirmenin nasıl zorunluk olduğunu kolayca anlarız.1923 (Atatürk’ün S.D.II, s. 125)

• İş bölümü, insanlar arasında mevcut olan tabiî ve tarihî bağlara, yeni birçok kuvvetli bağlar ilâve etmiştir. Bu yeni bağlar, insanlara birbirlerinin eksiklerini tamamlatan, yalnız bugünü değil, yarını da temine çalışan bağlardır. 1930 (Afetinan, M.M. ve M.K. Atatürk’ün El Yazıları, s. 521)

• Bir insan milyoner olur. Fakat bir gün bütün servetini kaybeder, düşebilir. Ancak, o adamın içinde cevher varsa, çalışma kudreti, çalışma aşkı yaşıyorsa gene kazanıp eski servetini elde edebilir. (Hikmet Bayur, T.D.K. Türk Dili,  Belleten, No:33, 1938, s. 16)
• Başarılarda gururu yenmek, felâketlerde ümitsizliğe mukavemet etmek lâzımdır. 1930 (Afetinan, Atatürk Hakkında H. B. s. 90)

• Bir insan, hayatında büyük bir başarı kazanabilir, fakat yalnız onunla övünerek kalmak isterse, o başarı da unutulmaya mahkûmdur. Onun için çalışmak ve daima başarı aramak, herkes için esas olmalıdır. (Afetinan, Atatürk Hakkında H.B., s. 301)
• Bir kurumun yaşaması, gelişmesi, başarılı olması, o kurumun başına geçenlerin iyi huylu, dürüst, imanlı kişiler olmasına bağlıdır. 1933 (Akşam gazetesi, 27. 8. 1933)

• Türkiye İş Bankası’nın kuruluş gecesi (26 Ağustos 1924), Banka’nın İdare Meclisi üyelerine söyledikleri: Sermayenin azlığına bakarak cesaretiniz kırılmasın! Böyle kurumlar için en kuvvetli sermaye zekâ, dikkat, iffettir. Teknik ve metodik çalışmasını bilmektir. Bu kanaatle işe sarılınız, mutlaka başarırsınız! Bu işte başarılı olmayı, eğer şahsî bir izzetinefis meselesinden daha ileri, millî bir gurur, millî bir izzetinefis meselesi yaparsanız çalışmak için, hedefinize ulaşmak ve daha yükselmek için muhtaç olduğunuz ateşi, enerjiyi bol bol yüreklerinizde bulacaksınız! 1924 (Cumhuriyet gazetesi, 27. 8. 1934)

• Üyeleri pek fazla olan bir komisyon, büyük işler meydana getiremez. 1930 (Atatürk’ün S.D. III, s. 88)

• İnsanları istediği gibi kullanan kuvvet, fikirler ve bu fikirleri tanıyan ve umumîleştiren kimselerdir. Fikrin özelliği de, hiçbir itirazın bozamayacağı bir kesinlikle kendi kendini kabul ettirmektir. Bu ise, fikrin yavaş yavaş duygular haline gelerek inanca dönüşmesi ile mümkündür. Ve böyle olduktan sonradır ki, onu sarsmak için bütün başka mantıkların, başka değerlendirmelerin hükmü olamaz. 1914 (Mustafa Kemal, Z. ve K. Hasbıhal, s.18)

• İnsanların hürmet ve saygılarının, itaatlerinin kendinden maddeten değil, mânen yüksek olanlar hakkında belirmesi, insan ruhunun gereklerindendir. 1914 (Mustafa Kemal, Z. ve K. Hasbıhal, s. 9)

• Çok söz, uzun söz bir şey için söylenir: Gerçeğe anlamayanları gerçeğe getirmek için! 1928 (Atatürk’ün S.D.II, s. 252)

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23 ŞEHİR

1. Çengçou
2. Dongguan
3. Dongying
4. Fuzhou
5. Guangzhou
6. Hong Kong
7. Huizhou
8. Jiangmen
9. Jinjiang
10. Makao
11. Pekin
12. Putian
13. Puyang
14. Quanzhou
15. Shenzhen
16. Shunde District
17. Şanghay
18. Tianjin
19. Wuzhong
20. Xiamen
21. Zhangzhou
22. Zhongshan
23. Zhuhai

DOĞU SAHİL BANDI

• Dongying
• Jinjiang
• Puyang
• Tianjin
• Wuzhong
• Xiamen
• Zhangzhou
• Zhongshan
• Zhuhai

İÇ KESİMLER

• Çengçou
• Dongying

GUANGDONG EYALETİ

• Dongguan – bölgedeki hazır giyim üretim merkezlerinden biri ve elektronik üretim merkezlerinden biri. Guangzhou ve Shenzhen arasında yer almaktadır.
• Foshan – güneybatıda, Guangzhou yakınlarındaki sanayi şehri
• Guangzhou – eyaletin başkenti, metropol, ekonomik ve kültürel merkez.
• Huizhou – bölgenin kuzeydoğu ucunda güzel ve hızla gelişen bir kasaba
• Jiangmen – İnci Nehri Deltası’nın batı kesiminde bir liman şehri, Kaiping ve Taishan şehirlerini kapsar.
• Shenzhen – 1990’lar ve 2000’lerde dünyanın en hızlı büyüyen şehri, Hong Kong (ÖEB) sınırında
• Shunde – kesişen birçok su yoluyla ünlü
• Zhongshan – Zhuhai’nin hemen iç kesimlerinde mobilya ticaretinin merkezi
• Zhuhai – Makao sınırında Çin kıyı şehri, ÖEB

FUJIAN EYALETİ

• Fuzhou
• Putian
• Quanzhou
• Xiamen
• Zhangzhou

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Turgay Tüfekçioğlu ile Türk Dili ve Tarihil

@turgaytileturkdilivetarihi

47:40  TURK DILI VE TARIHI EROL KARABULUT 47 39 HD

TARİHTE TÜRK ADI EROL KARABULUT 20. 11.2021

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32:08 Talas Yazıtları ON NOTASI Erol Krabulut 3 7 2021

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45:16 KÖKLER VE ANLAMLARI

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48:48 ORHUN YAZITLARI

KONUK: EROL KARABULUT TARİH: 07.12.2018

50:03 Güneş Dil Kuramı 2

Erol Karabulut ile söyleşi

36:20 Güneş Dil Kuramı 3

Erol Karabulut ile Söyleşi

KİTAPLARI: https://www.kitapyurdu.com/yazar/erol-karabulut/199713.html?srsltid=AfmBOoqYhceIP36Qp_e4gkmBFtH1msMivgXuPqTeQBOFgVtRPbRQrw-y

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The Turkish Cookbook

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Açıklamasız kalmış pek çok sorunu, Romanoloji ve Germanoloji’nin dilbilimi ve yer adları bilimi verilerini uygulamak yoluyla çözümlemeye boşuna boşuna uğraştıktan sonra, arkeologlar ve bu arada Ortaçağ uzmanları, gerek eski varsayımları altüst etme korkusuyla, gerekse yeterli Türkoloji bilgisinden yoksun oldukları için, kendi araştırmalarının mantıksal sonucu olan kesin çözümlerin eşiğinde durmuşlardır. Bu arada şunu da belirtmeden geçmeyelim ki, bu barbar terimi, Türkler tarafından da yabancılara «yabani, yabancı» olarak yakıştırılmıştır.

Buckle şöyle yazıyor :

«Roma İmparatorluğu parçalandığında, edebiyat, Hıristiyan din adamları sınıfının tekelindeydi; bu sınıf da ötedenberi görevinin araştırmaya sevketmek değil de, inancı zorla kabul ettirmek olduğuna inanagelmişti; bu yüzden tarih, yüzyıllar boyunca, topluma yararlı olmak yerine, körü körüne inanmaya yeni bir atılım vererek ve böylece insan aklının gelişmesini durdurarak, zararlı olmuştur.»

Pritchard, «Fizik Tarih» (Physical History) adlı yapıtında diyor ki:

«Hıristiyan papazlar Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettirdikleri tüm Avrupa halklarının tarihini karanlığa gömmüştür ve Galyalıların (Villemarqué), Britanya’daki Gallilerin, İrlandalıların, Anglosaksonların (Wright) Slav halklarının (Talvi) Finlilerin  ve hatta İzlandalıların geleneklerini ya yoketmiş, ya da yozlaştırmışlardır.»

1850’de yayınlanmış olan, Periler Mitologyası «Fairy Mythology» adlı bir bilim eserinde Keightley manastır günlükçülerinin (kronikçilerinin) Fin geleneklerini nasıl bir yana bırakarak yerine Saxo ve Johannes Magnus’un uydurduklarını yeğlediğini gösteriyordu. Buckle şu sonuca  varıyor :

«İşte böylece, Ortaçağ Avrupa tarihi, başka hiçbir dönemde örneğine rastlamadığımız bir yozlaşmışlık, bozulmuşluk derecesine ulaşmıştır. Açık söylemek gerekirse tarih yoktu ve bunun hiç de sakıncası görülmüyordu; ama ne yazık ki, gerçeğin yokluğuyla yetinmeyen papazlar, yalanlar uydurarak onun boşluğunu doldurmaya yeltenmişlerdir.»

Otto Rahn da, Engizisyonun, Roma dışındaki tüm tarih yazınını «iğrenç dinsizliklerin pis kaynağı» tanımıyla yokettiğini yazar.

H.G. Wells uygar dünyanın aydın kişilerinin bu duruma nasıl gocunduklarını şu satırlarla dile getiriyor:

«Romalı yazarları göklere çıkarma ve Hunlarla müttefiklerini körü körüne yoketme gereksinmesiyle yanan, inanılmaz acımasızlıkta insanlar olarak göstermek de bir Avrupa alışkanlığıdır. Ama şurasını unutmamalıyız ki, Romalıların tüm anlatıları, panik dönemlerinde kaleme alınmıştır ve üstelik Romalı, düşmanları sözkonusu olunca, bizim çağdaş propaganda uzmanlarına bile parmak ısırtacak bir ustalıkla, soğukkanlılık ve enerjiyle yalan söylemesini çok iyi biliyordu… Şu veya bu halkı sistematik acımasızlıkla suçladığında bu genellikle, kendisinin tasarladığı kıyımları ve yağmaları önceden haklı göstermek amacını güden bir hesap işiydi…»

«Hun halkları, Ari halklardan geriye kalanlarla hiç güçlük çekmeden birleşmişlerdir… ve, yendikleri ulusları kılıçtan geçirip yokedecek yerde onları orduya alıyorlar, onlarla evleniyorlardı.»

En basit bir sağduyu bile, nasıl olup da Antakya’lı Ammien Malcellin’in (330 – 400) Hunlar konusunda anlattığı tek yanlı ve gülünç şeylere inanılageldiğini açıklamaya yetmez; ki bu konuda anlatılanlar, Bizans’lı Priscus, Almanların Niebelungen Destanı ve Iskandinavların Eddas’ı tarafından çürütülmüşlerdir.

Toprağa çakılı serfler anlayışına bağlı tarihçiler uzun süre, yerleşmişin önsel (à priori) olarak göçebeye üstün olduğuna inandırmaya çalışmışlar ve Türk‘ün yarı göçebeliğinin, daha çok, bir iklim düzenine toplumsal uyarlama olduğunu gözönüne almak istememişlerdir.

Bugün bilindiği gibi Truvalılar, eski tarih anlayışında, öteden beri Asya’yı temsil etmişler, Aka’lar ise Avrupa’nın simgesi olmuşlardır. Oysa ki, tüm Ortaçağ boyunca hatta XIX’uncu yüzyıla varıncaya değin, Avrupa aristokrasisi ve soylu sınıfın kaynaklarının Aeneas’ın soyundan geldiği görüşü egemendi.

Roma’lıların kendilerini Truva kökeninden geliyor saymaları geleneği -ki bunu Sezar’lar da, Virgilius da benimsemişti – ise, Etrüsklerin, tartışmasız Asya kökenli oldukları inancının uzantısından başka bir şey değildi.

Öte yandan, Ortaçağ’ın kimi söylenceleri ki bunlardan Hiéronymus (Hiéronymus Scarpum eserinde) ve Gregori (Gregori Scarpum eserinde) de söz etmişlerdir, Truva’dan kaçan Truvalıları İskitlerle bir tutar ve onları birbirine benzer dönemlerde, Doğu Avrupa’nın Hunlardan önce de,  sonra da, çeşitli adlar altında belirlenen Türkleri her zaman bulduğumuz yörelerine yerleştirirler. Bu yapıtlar, «Sycamber Francus ve Teucrus» adını taşıyan derleme, Guibert de Nogent’in (1108) «Historia que Dictur Gesta Dei per Francos» adlı yapıtı, Vincent de Bauvais’nin, Belçika’lı Jean Lemaire’in kronikleri  ve Scipion Dupleix’in «Galyalıların Anıları» adlı yapıtı gibi kaynaklardır.

Gerçi biraz sakınarak kabullenmemiz gerekir ama, Tuna ile Adriyatik arasında kalan bölgede yaşayan Türk Hunlar üzerine elimizdeki ilk sözde bilimsel değer taşıyan bilgiler ta V’inci yüzyıldan kalmadır. Bize değin gelebilmiş anlatılar yığınını ayıklayarak çıkartabildiğimiz gerçekler şunlardır:

1. a) Romalılar kendileri itiraf ediyorlar ki, Attila’dan çok önce, Dalmaçya’nın ve İstirya’nın kuzeyine yerleşmiş Hun paralı askerlerini orduya almışlardır. IV’üncü ve V’incı yüzyıl imparatorları içinde geniş oranla Hunların bulunduğu, barbar denilen ordularıyladır ki, kuzeylilerin istilâlarını olabildiğince geri püskürtmüşlerdir. Attila’nın girmesinden bir yüzyıl önce İtalya’da, Galya’da, hatta ta İspanya’ya değin, «Hun» federe halkları görülmüştür.
2. b) Bugünkü Macaristan’ın ta merkezinde yerleşmiş bulunan Attila, önce Yunanistan’ı istilā ettiği gibi, Hırvatistan ve Slovenya yoluyla ve bugünkü Sırbistan topraklarından birkaç kez geçerek, İtalya’ya inmiştir (V’inci yüzyıl).
3. c) Attila’nın oğulları, İllirya ve Dalmaçya’da Dinar sıradağlarında Avarların gelişine değin egemenliklerini sürdürmüşlerdir.
4. d) Eddekun’un oğlu, Attila’nın soydaş bakanı, ve Turcilingarum (Türk dili anlamına) boyunun başkanı, Lombardiya ve İtalya’da hüküm sürmüş Odoakr kavminin başlangıçta yerleşmiş olduğu bugünkü Bosna ve Slovenya topraklarından geliyordu.
5. e) Bosna-Hersek, Hırvatistan ve Slovenya, VI’ncı yüzyıldan IX’uncu yüzyıla değin Avar Krallıklarının azçok esnek sınırları içinde kalıyorlardı. 25 yıl kadar önce bulunmuş olan, en zengin Avar arkeolojik malzemesi de bu bölgede ele geçmiştir.
6. f) Charlemagne’in vakanüvislerinden öğrendiğimize göre, bu «Frank» hükümdar o zamanlar Bay-Uvar veya Bay-Avar diye adlandırılan, bugünkü Bavyera topraklarından Avarları acımasızca kılıçtan geçirmiş ya da sürmüş. İşte o sıralarda, bu vakanüvislerin kimi zaman Hun, kimi zaman İskit veya Avar diye adlandırdıkları son Türk boyları, bir yandan Karpatlara sığınıp Szekeller adıyla yaşantılarını sürdürmüş, öte yandan da Jülyen veya Dinar Alplerine yani bugünkü İstirya, Hırvatistan, Slovenya özellikle de Bosna-Hersek topraklarına sığınmışlardır.

Bu Türk boyları, IX’uncu yüzyıla değin Avrupa’nın merkezinde Pannonya’da (Tuna ile İllirya arasında) tam bir bağımsızlıktan yararlanıyorlardı ve Frankların zorla Hıristiyanlaştırmasından, sürgüne göndermesinden ve kıyımından sözü edilen Karpatlara ve Jülyen ve Dinar Alplerine sığınarak kurtulmuş oluyorlardı.

Bosna’nın slavlaşmış Peçenekleri ve Türk-Kumanları Balkanlardan sürülen Hristiyanlaştırılmış Türk-Bulgar toplulukların da katılmasıyla, gene de Hiristiyanlığı benimsemiş Slavlardan yapısına ve karakterine azçok uygun düşen bir mezhep ayrılığıyla ayırdedilir. Türkler, vaftiz edilip Hıristiyan bile olsalar, gene de Bizans ve Roma’nın dinsel davranışları karşısında Slavlara oranla daha edilgen, pasiftirler.

Makedonya’da Bogomilcilik’in yayılması Türk-Kuman Voyvoda Tırnavolu Şişman’ın kendisini Batı Çarı ilan edip (963) tüm ülkeyi Vardar ırmağından Morava vadisine, varıncaya değin egemenliği altına alarak krallıktan ayrılmasıyla aynı zamana rastlar. İşte bu batı veya Vardar Bulgaristan’ında çoğunluk Bogomil’dir ve burası, Türk-Bulgarların, Konstantinopolis’e daha yakın olan Doğu Krallığı’nın tamamen Bizanslaşmış ve Slavlaşmış Bulgarlarına karşı ulusal duygusunun barınağı olacaktır. O dönemde Bizans dünyasının Hıristiyan Bulgarları hâlâ Slav değil de Türk saymakta direndiğinin kanıtı, Basileus Nikefor Fokas’ın şu sıradan sorusunda bulunmaktadır:

«Biz Romalılar ne derece alçalmışız, ne hallere düşmüşüz ki, acınası Slavlar gibi, bu İskitlere ve bu Bulgarlara haraç vermek zorunda kalıyoruz?»

İngiliz Arnold J. Toynbee, öte yandan aynı dönemde göçebeliğin yerleşmişlik karşısında bir bakıma üstünlük sayıldığını öne sürmüştür; çünkü hayvanların evcilleştirilmesi, insanın aklının  ve iradesinin daha az uysal bir nesne üzerindeki zaferi anlamını taşıdığı için, bitkilerin iklime uydurulmasından çok daha üstün bir sanattır.

Örneğin Ortaçağ’da şu saçma düşünce pekâlâ itibar görüyordu :

«Muhammet kardinaldi ve papa olmadığı içindir ki inadına, dinden çıkmıştır»

(Gui Patin’in Mektupları 11I, s. 127). XV’inci yüzyılın Hıristiyan krallarının pek sözü dinlenen danışmanı, tarihçi ve vakanüvis Commynes’e göre, politika henüz dinbiliminin sadece basit bir dalıdır.

De Guignes ve Amédée Thierry Ortaçağ’ın din okullarında ders veren bilgisiz papazlarından ne geldiyse, hepsini harfi harfine kitaplarına almışlardır. Çeşitli mezheplerden papazların, ulusal bilinci yok etmek için kalkıştığı tüm entrikalara karşın  ve onlara Macarlarla Valakların da yardımcı olmalarına karşın Sikuller gerek Türk egemenliğinin anılarını, gerekse geleneksel törelerini hemen hemen hiç bozulmamış haliyle koruyagelmişlerdir. Saint-George, Oderheiu ve Turgu-Muras kentlerinin armalarında bugün bile Türk simgeleri ve özellikle de ayyıldız bulunmaktadır.

Kaynak: DOĞU AVRUPA’NIN UYGARLIĞINA ve YERLEŞMESİNE TÜRKLERİN KATKILARI Reşit Saffet ATABINEN. İstanbul 1987. Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu

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