Mesopotamian World
- CIVILISATIONS
- FERTILE CRESCENT: MESOPOTAMIA&ANATOLIA
- MAPS
- URFA
- MARDİN
- DİYARBAKIR
- SCHOLARS
- SCYTHIAN AND TURK
- KURDS
- SUMERIANS
- LEVANT REGION
***********************************************
CIVILISATIONS
- Universal Values https://booksonturkey.com/https-www-agaoglulevent-com-evrensel-degerler/
- Turkey in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia in Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/turkey-in-mesopotamia-mesopotamia-in-turkey/
- Mediterranean Triangle
FERTILE CRESCENT: MESOPOTAMIA&ANATOLIA
- Turkey: Steppe Belt and Agricultural Belt https://booksonturkey.com/turkey-steppe-belt-and-agricultural-belt/
MAPS
- Mesopotamia https://booksonturkey.com/mesopotamia/
URFA
- Passwords of ‘Stone Hills’; Urfa, Mesopotamia, Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/passwords-of-stone-hills-urfa-mesopotamia-turkey/
- Mesopotamian Turkey: 12 more great discoveries like Göbeklitepe are coming… The language of stones will tell the secret of humanity https://booksonturkey.com/12-more-great-discoveries-like-gobeklitepe-are-coming-the-language-of-stones-will-tell-the-secret-of-humanity/
- Mesopotamian World: Göbeklitepe Infographic, Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/gobeklitepe-infographic/
- Mesopotamian World: Göbeklitepe, Turkey. BC 10.000 https://booksonturkey.com/gobeklitepe-bc-10-000/
MARDİN
- Yazidi Cemetery in Mardin, Mesopotamian Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/yazidi-cemetery-in-mardin-mesopotamian-turkey/
DİYARBAKIR
- Zerzevan Castle Roman Border Garrison in Mesopotamian Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/zerzevan-castle-roman-border-garrison/
- Mithraeum at Zerzevan Castle, Diyarbakir, Mesopotamian Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/mithraeum-at-zerzevan-castle-diyarbakir/
- Zerzevan Castle, Diyarbakir, Border Garrison of Roman Empire in Mesopotamian Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/zerzevan-castle-diyarbakir-border-garrison-of-roman-empire/
SCHOLARS
- Turkish Scholars: The Mesopotamian Region https://booksonturkey.com/turkish-scholars-the-mesopotamian-region/
SCYTHIAN AND TURK
- The Identity of Scythian and Turk: In the Base of Cultural History https://booksonturkey.com/the-identity-of-scythian-and-turk-in-the-base-of-cultural-history/
KURDS
- Turks&Kurds: Kurds and Kurdish artists https://booksonturkey.com/turkskurds-kurds-and-kurdish-artists/
- Kurds and Rumelia/ Balkans https://booksonturkey.com/kurds-and-rumelia-balkans/
- Turks&Kurds: Anthology of Kurdish Poetry (2 volumes) by Selim Temo https://booksonturkey.com/turkskurds-anthology-of-kurdish-poetry-2-volumes-by-selim-temo/
- Turks&Kurds: Kurdish Novelist Mehmed Uzun https://booksonturkey.com/turkskurds-kurdish-novelist-mehmed-uzun/
SUMERIANS

- Culture and History Conversations (72) Epic of Gilgamesh with Ismail Gezgin https://booksonturkey.com/culture-and-history-conversations-72-epic-of-gilgamesh-with-ismail-gezgin/
- Written languages sprung from Sumerian – BookSonTurkey https://booksonturkey.com/https-www-agaoglulevent-com-tefekkur-medeniyeti-sumerceden-yayilan-yazili-diller/
LEVANT REGION
Traveller’s Talk: Lebanon
Traveller’s Syria 1987 Photographs
Traveller’s Aleppo 1987
Traveller’s Damascus in Syria 1987
Traveller’s Syria in 1987
Hakim’s Odyssey: Book 1: From Syria to Turkey https://booksonturkey.com/hakims-odyssey-book-1-from-syria-to-turkey/
Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five
(as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World
$3.99 (as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)
(as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)The Rough Guide to Turkey (Travel Guide with eBook) (Rough Guide Main Series)
(as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light
$21.77 (as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)
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$3.99 (as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)Istanbul: The Imperial City
$17.09 (as of 15/11/2026 03:21 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)
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$55.92 (as of 15/11/2026 03:20 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)
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© Photos and Text by Okay Deprem http://www.northtravel.org/
When NORTH TRAVEL announced the longest and most comprehensive touristic cultural tour from Turkey to Georgia just months ago, possible participants had very limited tangible and detailed imaginations of what exactly awaits them in this southern Caucasian country. It can even be said without exaggeration that; many of them were not expecting a more or less modest tour content, accompanied by the thought of “what can be the most in the Georgian country”. This is probably why, we set off with a relatively small staff, and first of all, we took our breath away in the capital city of Tbilisi. No one in our travel staff had ever seen this cultural metropolis of the South Caucasus, except me. Although we did not spend four days in “Tbilisi” in its Georgian equivalent, for two clear days, so to speak, we scoop the city. We were able to tour this Caucasian city, which rises and spreads around the Kura River, sometimes with our private vehicle and sometimes on foot.

The scene that impressed our Tbilisi group at first sight was the untouched historical silhouette and natural texture of the city. Having come from a city like Istanbul, witnessing a view in Tbilisi that they could only see in Western and Southern Europe and that they had been longing for a long time, naturally relieved and opened them a lot. Then, they began to witness a west-east synthesis in the Georgian capital that they were not familiar with before. Tbilisi is eastern-oriental until the end, as long as it can stay; it was a city that managed to become European in a balanced and uninterrupted manner, at least as much and more than that, even as of the 19th century. So much so that seeing the abundance and diversity of museums, monuments and sculptures that are not and cannot be seen in many European countries was enough to enchant our group as much as possible. On the other hand, the lush cover of the city center and its periphery, which land rent and construction speculation has not yet plundered; The serene, quiet and colorful city aura witnessed throughout our tour, which is blended with two centuries old neo-classical, neo-baroque, art-deco and art-nouveau buildings surrounding the wide and straight streets and streets of Tbilisi made another sense…

During the two days we stayed in Tbilisi, which has been one of the most important commercial and cultural settlements in the region for centuries, we went to the nearest historical capital Mtskheta and the legendary Kazbek Mountain. While walking through the almost untouched medieval town of Jvari, Samtavro monasteries and Svetitshoveli Cathedral, which await us in and around Mtskheta and are on the UNESCO World Heritage List, we literally got lost in an Asian-Caucasian architectural urban texture that we did not know before.
Hearing the stories of the multi-layered connections of the region’s millennium-year-old Christian temples with Cappadocia and Constantinople from the clergy curbed the traditional mood of Turkish touristic groups which quickly got bored in individual venues. However, it was quick to create the opposite effect.

During our long day trip to see Kazbeki Mountain and its surroundings, located on the border of Georgia and the Russian Federation, we glided towards the Greater Caucasus Mountains for the first time. After leaving behind the gigantic dams between the mountains, the lofty monuments that greet us on the way and countless natural wonders, we proceeded on the “Georgian Military Road”, which goes up to altitudes between 2300 and 2400 in the Gudauri Mountain and winter tourism center. When we approach Kazbek Mountain, which is one of the most special peaks of the Caucasus with an altitude of more than 5000 meters, we stopped in the town of Stepantsminda, which was lost in the clouds, and were scattered in two jeeps as a group with a very special organization, and went to the Gergeti Holy Trinity Church, which is the most famous historical monument of the region. We climbed right. We had the privilege of visiting fairytale-like historical churches, which have survived untouched for centuries, in the midst of the magnificent scenery, where countless hills at 4000 meters disperse and rise under the fog beams. On the way back; Climbing from Kobi Village to Gudauri by cable car, we glided towards the pioneering peaks of the “Greater Caucasus Ridges” and took a long look at the mighty and vast mountain range once again…

After walking around Tbilisi and its environs literally by creek, we now head to the West; On the face of it, we started to make our way towards the plains of Georgia, which is small on the map, but grows larger as we go into it. Our first stop is the city of Gori and its most popular tourist spot is Josef Stalin’s house-museum. Afterwards, our direction is Ahıska via the famous town of Borjomi. Even if we stopped by for a short lunch in Borjomi. Even just stopping by Borjomi the holiday and treatment center where the most delicious and quality drinking water of the former Soviet geography is obtained, for a short lunch was enough for our group to admire the charming and old architecture of this place with
its lush nature resembling a corner of paradise. Our final “station” for today is Ahıska and its capital Akhaltsikhe, located very close to the Turkish border (Ardahan – Posof).
The fact that there is a lady of Meskhetian origin in our mini group makes our visit even more meaningful. While we are visiting Rabati Castle, the very best of this area, both with and without a guide, we go on an indescribable time adventure, while we watch the nature of Ahıska, which fascinates us, from different corners of the great castle…
Now we have a series of tours covering Kutaisi, the second capital of the country, and the ruins around it. As a group, Kutaisi fascinates us with its harmonious, balanced urban harmony, which has been extremely well preserved and reworked and mostly marked by the architecture of its recent centuries.
Especially while we tour the Geguti Palace, Gelati and Motsameta Monasteries, in the periphery, which are also on the “UNESCO World Heritage List”, and the famous Bagrati Cathedral in the center, accompanied by local guides, we witness the depth and richness of Georgian history, which we have never known, thanks to the generous guidance of the religious officials.
Again, we enter the Sataplia Cave, which is located in the national park of the same name in the province of Kutaisi, surrounded by virgin forests and lush vineyards and is known worldwide for its dinosaur footprints.
We leave Kutaisi one morning and set out for another long road, where we will approach the closest of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range. Hours after we saw one of the world’s largest dams Cvari, on the highway from above, one of the largest dams and hydroelectric power plants in the world, we arrive and settle in Mestia, the precious town of Upper Svaneti Province, one of the highlights of our trip. Many of our team have seen for the first time in their lives the numerous peaks of 5000, which are lined up towards the Kabardino-Balkaria border, such as Uşba, where we had our photos taken at an altitude of more than 4700 meters on the road. After the unforgettable night we spent in the highest mountain hotel of this place, we start our journey over Zugdidi towards Batumi…
After a quick stroll in Zugdidi, one of the country’s most important palaces, the neo-gothic style Dadiani and its garden, we continue to Batumi via Poti parallel to the Black Sea. In Batumi, which is the second largest and at the same time the most attractive seaside resort of Georgia; We are wandering the seaside boulevard and parks decorated with endless monuments and sculptures in a wonderful weather. The next day, after touring one of the largest Botanical Gardens in the world with our private electric vehicles, we finally get on the cable car to have a top view of the city and its surroundings, and take the last pictures here and head to the airport.
DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bodrum, & more (Travel Guide)
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https://nisanyanmap.com/?y=*kara*&lv=&t=&chttps://nisanyanmap.com/?y=*kara*&lv=&t=&cry=&ua=5ry=&ua=5
North is symbolized with Black colour in Turkish language. Well-known example is the Black Sea.
The black color in the north has various meanings, both dark and powerful.

Krani Krani village – Resen – MK
1910oh : Krani|Karahan
■ Albanian / Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Albanian / Macedonian settlement
■ Coordinate: 40° 56′ 21” E, 21° 6′ 32” N
Karamani Карамани village – Bitola – MK
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 3′ 52” E, 21° 23′ 38” N
Alintsi Алинци village – Prilep – MK
1910öh : Alintsi+Karataş [ Turkish “Ali” ]
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ It was a mixed Turkish-Bulgarian village until the plague epidemic. As a result of the plague, most of the population perished, and the rest settled in the city of Prilep. metonyo
■ Coordinate: 41° 15′ 32” E, 21° 28′ 54” N
The dead settlement of Карабуњиште in Karabunysh – Veles – MK
■ Partially Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 48′ 34” E, 21° 39′ 12” N
Mavropigí Μαυροπηγή village – Ptolemaída (Kailaríon) – Kozáni GR
B1913 : Bosovtsi|Karabunar
1910öh : Karapınar Καραμπουρνάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Bulgarian / Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 27′ 1” E, 21° 43′ 48” N
Karabichane Карабичане village – Kumanovo – MK
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . now Serbian settlement
■ Coordinate: 42° 13′ 44” E, 21° 44′ 29” N
Mavrodéndri Μαυροδένδρι village – Ptolemaída (Kailaríon) – Kozáni GR
1910öh : Elm Καραγάτς [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 23′ 11” E, 21° 46′ 8” N
Drépano Δρέπανον village – Kozáni – Kozani GR
1910öh : Karacalar Καρατζιλάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 21′ 7” E, 21° 50′ 7” N
Gorno Karaslari Горно Караслари village – Veles – MK
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . now Albanian settlement
■ Coordinate: 41° 41′ 45” E, 21° 50′ 11” N
Dolno Karaslari Долно Караслари village – Veles – MK
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 41′ 21” E, 21° 50′ 16” N
Karatmanovo Каратманово village – Lozovo – MK
1910öh : Karaosmanlı [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 45′ 46” E, 21° 52′ 4” N
Karacali Karahali neighborhood – Lozovo – MK
1910öh : Karacaali [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 46′ 45” E, 21° 54′ 2” N
Bizovo location – Kavadartsi – MK
Former name: Bizov Çf.|Karasu
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 26′ 14” E, 21° 55′ 16” N
Lefkara Λεύκαρα village – Kozáni – Kozani GR
1910öh : Aksaklı/Aksakallı Ακ Σακλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 17′ 35” E, 21° 58′ 9” N
Kara Sinanli Кара Синанли dead settlement – Gradsko – MK
1910oh : Karasinanlı
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 39′ 10” E, 21° 59′ 40” N
Montenegro Karadak village – Kratovo – MK
■ Macedonian settlement
■ Coordinate: 42° 10′ 19” E, 22° 0′ 29” N
Almopía Αλμωπία administrative unit – Aridaía (Meglen) – Pélla GR
B1913 : Miglen/Meglen [ Bulgarian ]
■ Partially Pomak settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ At the beginning of the 20th century, the population of the plain was mostly Pomaks, and Vlah and Yörük Turks as a minority. The Pomak and Turkish population were exchanged in 1924. Mostly Pontic Greeks were settled. SN
■ Coordinate: 40° 58′ 34” E, 22° 2′ 56” N
Karamanska Maala Караманска Маала village – Kratovo – MK
1910oh : Karaman Mah.
■ Coordinate: 42° 3′ 24” E, 22° 6′ 23” N
Kara Ocali Кара Оџали dead settlement – Negotino – MK
1910oh : Kara Khojaly
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 35′ 27” E, 22° 6′ 54” N
Mavrolákos dead settlement – Édessa (Vodina) – Pélla GR
■ There were two villages facing each other, Mavrolákos Edessis and Mavrolákos Giannitson (Bul. Karadere Vodenski and Karadere Pazarski). Karadere (Bul. Miglenitsa) river is the waterway of Karacaova (Miglen) region. SN
■ Coordinate: 40° 53′ 37” E, 22° 7′ 10” N
Miliás Μηλιάς village – Aridaía (Meglen) – Pélla GR
1910öh : Karalad/Kırladovo Καρλάτ
■ Pomak settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 59′ 36” E, 22° 8′ 37” N
Kratovo Кратово municipalities – Kratovo – MK
Osm : Karatova
■ Turkish / Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ It is one of the rare towns with a homogeneous Bulgarian (Macedonian) population at the beginning of the 20th century. Only in the central town the Turks were in the majority. Now there is no Turkish population left. SN
■ Coordinate: 42° 4′ 42” E, 22° 10′ 50” N
Véroia province – Vérria (Karaferye) – Imathia GR
B1913 : Give
Osm : Karaferye
A17 : Verrone to
■ Turkish / Greek Orthodox settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 31′ 46” E, 22° 12′ 2” N
Star Kara Forest Стар Караорман “old K.” village – Shtip – MK
1910oh : Karaorman A.Ş. + Approx. [ Turkish ]
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 46′ 54” E, 22° 12′ 12” N
Nov Kara Forest Нов Караорман village – Karbintsi – MK
Former name: Karaormanite [ Bulgarian for “Kara foresters”]
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 47′ 30” E, 22° 13′ 0” N
Kallípoli Καλλίπολις village – Giannitsá (Yenice Vardar) – Pélla GR
1910öh : Karahamza Καράμιζα
■ Coordinate: 40° 47′ 30” E, 22° 13′ 54” N
Mavrodéndri Μαυροδένδρι – Vérria (Karaferye) – Imathía GR
<1926 : Karaçalı Καρά Τσαλή [ Turkish “karaağaçlı?” ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 31′ 8” E, 22° 14′ 13” N
Karávi Καράβι dead settlement – Vérria (Karaferye) – Imathía GR
B1913 : Sadena/Sadina Σέδενα
■ Greek Orthodox settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 31′ 59” E, 22° 18′ 1” N
Trkanye Тркање village – Koçani – MK
1910öh : Trakana|Carbine
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Macedonian settlement now
■ Coordinate: 41° 54′ 19” E, 22° 21′ 44” N
Karailyas dead settlement – Valandovo – MK
Former name: Karailyaslı
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 22′ 54” E, 22° 27′ 43” N
Karalobosi Каралобоси dead settlement – Radovish – MK
1910öh : Karaali Obası [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 40′ 33” E, 22° 29′ 14” N
Fawns Караџалар dead placement – Radovish – MK
1910öh : Karacalar [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 41′ 0” E, 22° 29′ 36” N
Plágia Πλάγια village – Gumenitsa – Kilkís GR
1910öh : Karasinan Καρασινάν [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 4′ 51” E, 22° 29′ 43” N
Políkastro Πολύκαστρο village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
1910öh : Karasuli|Rugunovets Καρασούλι
1907s : Karasulu to
1997 : Paionía (prefecture) [ Greek for “fortress”]
■ Bulgarian / Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 59′ 53” E, 22° 34′ 4” N
Karacovska Maala Караџовска Маала neighborhood – Makedonska Kamenitsa – MK
1910oh : Karaca Mah.
■ Coordinate: 42° 3′ 55” E, 22° 36′ 59” N
? dead settlement – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
1910oh : Arcan/Karacinovo
■ Its current name is unknown.
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 4′ 45” E, 22° 37′ 12” N
Kastanás Καστανάς village – Thessaloníki (Thessaloniki) – Thessaloníki_m GR
1910öh : Karaoğlu Καρά Ογλού [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish / Roman (Gypsy) settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 49′ 16” E, 22° 39′ 28” N
Karaular dead settlement – Dojran – MK
1910öh : Karaoğullar
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century . Now unsaved/empty overlay
■ Coordinate: 41° 13′ 35” E, 22° 40′ 47” N
Néa Mesimvría Νέα Μεσημβρί village – Thessaloníki (Thessaloniki) – Thessaloníki_m GR
1953 : Karavia Καραβίας
B1913 : Bugarievo
1910oh : Bunarca
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 45′ 12” E, 22° 46′ 2” N
Agorá Αγορά dead settlement – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
1910öh : Karapazarlı Καρά Παζαρλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 15′ 55” E, 22° 46′ 35” N
Sykaminiá Συκαμινιά village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
<1927 : Karali Καραλή [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 15′ 18” E, 22° 48′ 33” N
Mavronéri Μαυρονέρι “Karawater” village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
1926 1926 : Karapınar Καρά Μπουνάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 53′ 25” E, 22° 48′ 37” N
Karakostovtsi Каракостовци district – Delchevo – MK
■ Coordinate: 41° 51′ 10” E, 22° 50′ 8” N
Kallirrói Καλλιρρόη village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
<1927 : Karacalı Καρατζαλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 14′ 11” E, 22° 50′ 38” N
Agia Triáda neighborhood – Thessaloníki (Thessaloniki) – Thessaloníki_m GR
1910oh : By. + stern. Karaburun [ Turkish ]
■ Greek Orthodox settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 29′ 48” E, 22° 52′ 57” N
Koiládi Κοιλάδι village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
<1927 : Karaahmatlı Καρά Αματλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 5′ 4” E, 22° 53′ 29” N
Mavroplagiá Μαυροπλαγιά village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
<1927 : Karamahmutlu Καρά Μαμουτλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 11′ 10” E, 22° 53′ 57” N
Kampánis Καμπάνης village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
<1955 : Válti Βάλτοι [ Greek ]
<1926 : Karathorn? Karacadir? Καρατζά [ Turkish ]
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 53′ 26” E, 22° 54′ 52” N
Cherno Pole Черно поле “ karaköy ” village – Rujintsi – Vidin BG
Former name: Karaova [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 36′ 48” E, 22° 55′ 21” N
Políhni Πολίχνη “town” village – Thessaloníki (Thessaloniki) – Thessaloníki_m GR
1910öh : Karaüseyin Καραϊσίν [ Turkish ]
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 39′ 58” E, 22° 56′ 34” N
Váthi Βάθη village – Kilkís – Kilkís GR
<1927 : Rayan Ραγιάν
1910öh : Karadağ|Rayanova [ Turkish / Bulgarian ]
■ Turkish / Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 8′ 38” E, 22° 58′ 6” N
Kardiá Καρδιά village – Thessaloníki (Thessaloniki) – Thessaloníki_m GR
1910öh : Karaçuhalı Καρατζοχαλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 28′ 0” E, 22° 59′ 38” N
Kukurahtsevo Кукурахцево village – Petric – Blagoevgrad BG
1909hr : Kokarashtsevo
■ Coord: 41° 28′ 10” E, 22° 59′ 45” N
Mavrosúli Μαυροσούλι dead settlement – Sidirokástro (Demirhisar) – Serrés GR
<1927 : Karasuli Καρασούλι
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 12′ 9” E, 23° 2′ 56” N
Kryónero Κρυόνερο “cold water” dead settlement – Halkidikí – Halkidiki GR
1910öh : Karayusuflar/Karayusuflu Καρά Γιουσουφλάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 22′ 13” E, 23° 4′ 14” N
Karterés Καρτερά village – Langadá (Langaza) – Thessaloníki GR
1910öh : Karacaköy Καρατζά Κιόι [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 54′ 33” E, 23° 4′ 58” N
Asproráhi Ασπροράχη “aktepe” dead settlement – Langadá (Langaza) – Thessaloníki GR
<1927 : Karaoba Καρά Ουμπάς [ Turkish ]
1924k : Karacaabad [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ While it was the central quarter of the Ottoman (Mavroráhi) group, it was abolished in 1940 after the Turkish population left. SN
■ Coordinate: 40° 51′ 20” E, 23° 6′ 0” N
Dolno Tserkovska neighborhood – Blagoevgrad – Blagoevgrad BG
■ Coordinate: 41° 56′ 44” E, 23° 6′ 2” N
Lofískos Λοφίσκος village – Langadá (Langaza) – Thessaloníki GR
1910öh : Karaömerli/Karamarlı Καρά Ομερλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 46′ 30” E, 23° 13′ 22” N
Néa Ténedos Νέα Τένεδος “new Bozcaada” village – Halkidiki – Halkidikí GR
1926 1926 : Karatepe Καρά Τεπέ [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 19′ 44” E, 23° 14′ 27” N
Pishurka Пишурка village – Medkovets – Montana BG
1910öh : Gray Kirri/Gray land?
■ Coordinate: 43° 39′ 22” E, 23° 15′ 3” N
Símandra Σήμαντρα village – Halkidikí – Halkidiki GR
1956 : Karkara Καρκάρα
1909hr : Mouthwash
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coord: 40° 20′ 54” E, 23° 18′ 27” N
Varikó Βαρικό village – Nigríta – Serrés GR
1910öh : Karacaköy Καρατζά Κιόι [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 1′ 22” E, 23° 23′ 36” N
Monokklisiá Μονοκκλησιά village – Serrés (Serez) – Serrés GR
1926 1926 : Karacaköy Καρατζά Κιόι [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 3′ 29” E, 23° 24′ 0” N
Métallo Μέταλλο dead settlement – Sidirokástro (Demirhisar) – Serrés GR
<1927 : Karatas Mah. Καρατάς
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 19′ 15” E, 23° 25′ 51” N
Ignatovo Игнатово village – Vilchedrim – Montana BG
1910öh : Karaleg |Ignatiyevo
■ Coordinate: 43° 47′ 2” E, 23° 29′ 9” N
Taşoluk Karakol location – Nigrita – Serres GR
■ The location at the provincial border of Serres/Thessaloniki is indicated by this name on the 1944 maps. SN
■ Coordinate: 40° 50′ 0” E, 23° 31′ 18” N
Agía Eléni Αγία Ελένη village – Serrés (Serez) – Serrés GR
<1927 : Kakaráska Κακαράσκα
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 0′ 14” E, 23° 33′ 29” N
Mavrólongos Μαυρόλογγος “ Kara forest ” dead settlement – Nigríta – Serrés GR
1910öh : Kara Forest Καρά Ορμάν [ Turkish ]
■ Karawood is the name of the large forest area along the Struma (Strymon) river. The settlement of the same name, between the old bed of the river and the new one, was dissolved in 1940. SN
■ Coordinate: 40° 58′ 3” E, 23° 36′ 7” N
Mesokómi Μεσοκώμη village – Serrés (Serez) – Serrés GR
<1927 : Kákara Κάκαρα
■ Coordinate: 41° 0′ 43” E, 23° 39′ 0” N
Katáfyto Κατάφυτο village – Káto Nevrokópi (Zirnovo) – Drama GR
1910öh : Karaköy Καρά Κιόι [ Turkish ]
■ Bulgarian settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 21′ 6” E, 23° 41′ 22” N
Karapoltsi Караполци village – Elin Pelin – Sofia BG
1910h : Karapoltsi
■ Coordinate: 42° 37′ 13” E, 23° 42′ 1” N
Chernyovo Черньово village – Ihtiman – Sofia BG
1514t 1910öh : Karalar
■ Coordinate: 42° 24′ 57” E, 23° 45′ 42” N
Stambolovo Стамболово village – Ihtiman – Sofia BG
1910oh : Kara Apti
Former name: Bodrovo
■ Coordinate: 42° 24′ 10” E, 23° 48′ 45” N
Mavrólofos Μαυρόλοφος “ karatepe ” village – Néa Zíhni (Ziliahova) – Serrés GR
1910öh : Karatoprak Καρά Τοπράκ [ Turkish ]
■ Roman (Gypsy) settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 54′ 54” E, 23° 52′ 13” N
Karaş Караш village – Roman – Vratsa BG
Former name: Karas
■ Coordinate: 43° 5′ 59” E, 23° 54′ 52” N
Kribul Крибул village – Satovish – Blagoevgrad BG
1909hr : Krabul/Karapul
■ Pomak settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 34′ 22” E, 23° 56′ 45” N
Mavroléfki Μαυρολεύκη village – Dráma – Dráma GR
<1927 : poplar Καρά Καβάκ
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 3′ 21” E, 24° 5′ 58” N
Vinogradets Виноградец village – Septemvri – Pazarcik BG
1863h : Karamursal/Karamursel
■ Coordinate: 42° 17′ 30” E, 24° 7′ 32” N
Mavróvatos Μαυρόβατος village – Dráma – Dráma GR
<1927 : Karaçalı Καρά Τσαλή
■ Bulgarian / Roman (Gypsy) settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 6′ 45” E, 24° 8′ 34” N
Karavangélis Καραβαγγέλης village – Eleftherúpoli (Praviste) – Kavála GR
1910öh : Debekli Δεβεκλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 51′ 8” E, 24° 9′ 50” N
Karabunar Карабунар village – Septemvri – Pazarcik BG
1863h : Karapinar
■ Coordinate: 42° 16′ 4” E, 24° 10′ 13” N
Borino Борино “ pine ” municipality – Borino – Smolyan BG
1863h : Karabulak
■ Turkish settlement
■ They are also known as Turks by the surrounding Pomaks. It is not enough for the Bulgarian Government to call the people in this region “Bulgarian Muslims”. It is the largest of the 8 settlements with representatives of the Middle Rhodope Nomads between the borders of Smolyan-Tatarpazarcık. metonyo
■ Coordinate: 41° 41′ 13” E, 24° 17′ 24” N
Elatiás Ελατιάς dead settlement – Dráma – Dráma GR
<1927 : Karadere Καρά Ντερέ [ Turkish ]
■ Pomak settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Abandoned mountain village on one of the most attractive hiking routes of the Rhodope Mountains. SN
■ Coordinate: 41° 29′ 20” E, 24° 17′ 45” N
Tsar Asen Цар Асен village – Pazarcik – Pazarcik BG
Former name: Karaplı
■ Coordinate: 42° 21′ 48” E, 24° 20′ 41” N
Terpsithéa Τερψιθέα village – Dráma – Dráma GR
<1927 : Karamanli? Καραμανλή
1910oh : Harmanli
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 9′ 34” E, 24° 22′ 13” N
Dobrovnitsa Добровница village – Pazarcik – Pazarcik BG
1910öh : Karailyasli/Karezli
■ Coordinate: 42° 12′ 55” E, 24° 22′ 31” N
Perívlepto Περίβλεπτον dead settlement – Dráma – Dráma GR
<1927 : Karagöz Καραγκιόζ Κιόι [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 17′ 5” E, 24° 24′ 23” N
Perigiáli neighborhood – Kavala – Kavála GR
1910öh : Kara Forest [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish / Greek Orthodox settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 40° 57′ 7” E, 24° 25′ 21” N
Thólos Θόλος village – Dráma – Dráma GR
<1927 : Karacaköy Καρατζάκιοϊ [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 17′ 48” E, 24° 31′ 13” N
Elafohóri Ελαφοχώρι “roe deer village” village – Néstos (Sarışaban) – Kavála GR
1910öh : Karacaova Καρατζόβα [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ The name Karaca, seen in three or four places in this region, probably means ‘Roman’. Translated into Greek as ‘deer’. SN
■ Coordinate: 41° 3′ 11” E, 24° 33′ 3” N
Yoakim Gruevo Йоаким Груев village – Stamboliyski – Plovdiv BG
■ Coordinate: 42° 7′ 17” E, 24° 33′ 45” N
Gortalovo Горталово village – Pleven – Pleven BG
1514t 1910öh : Karaguy [ Bulgarian ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 18′ 57” E, 24° 34′ 1” N
Dead settlement in Kalevish – Smolyan – Smolyan BG
Former name: Karabalkan
■ Coordinate: 41° 44′ 28” E, 24° 34′ 26” N
Brestovitsa Брестовица village with elm – Rodopi – Plovdiv BG
Former name: Karaağaç Yeniköy
■ Coordinate: 42° 4′ 45” E, 24° 35′ 30” N
Unknown on the map.
Dyakonovo village – Chernoochene – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karabaşlar
Karali Карали village – Gabrovo – Gabrovo BG
Former name: Karali
Karandili village of Карандили – Elena – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Karandili
Karacovtsi dead settlement – Elena – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Sirnentsi Сърненци village – Veliko Tarnovo – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Karacovtsi
…………………………………………………….
Lyuben Любен “charming” village – Sıedineni to – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Karamustafalar
■ Coord: 42° 22′ 17” E, 24° 35′ 34” N
Brestovets Брестовец village with elm – Pleven – Pleven BG
Former name: Karaağaç [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 21′ 24” E, 24° 36′ 16” N
Stoletovo Столетово village – Karlovo – Plovdiv BG
Former name: Karasarlı
■ Coordinate: 42° 41′ 19” E, 24° 37′ 8” N
Voysil Войсил village – Maritsa – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Carnation
■ Coordinate: 42° 13′ 13” E, 24° 37′ 34” N
Pérni Πέρνη village – Néstos (Sarışaban) – Kavála GR
1910öh : Karacaköy [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 0′ 2” E, 24° 38′ 4” N
Zarkadiá Ζαρκαδιά village – Néstos (Sarışaban) – Kavála GR
1910öh : Karacalar Καρατζιλάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 1′ 14” E, 24° 38′ 16” N
Karavelovo Каравелово village – Karlovo – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Köseler
■ Coordinate: 42° 37′ 35” E, 24° 39′ 20” N
Ágios Kosmás Άγιος Κοσμάς village – Néstos (Sarışaban) – Kavála GR
1910öh : Karamanlı Καραμανλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ The locations of Mayalık, Taviçal, Ahriyan and Büyük neighborhoods, which should be located between the west side of this village and the Nestos/Mesta river, could not be determined. SN
■ Coordinate: 41° 4′ 59” E, 24° 39′ 37” N
Chernalevo dead settlement – Smolyan – Smolyan BG
Former name: Karaburun
■ Coordinate: 41° 29′ 48” E, 24° 41′ 3” N
Lithohóri Λιθοχώρι dead settlement – Néstos (Sarışaban) – Kavála GR
1910öh : Karakadıl the Καρά Κιδαρλή [ Turkish ]
■ Turkish settlement at the beginning of the 20th century .
■ Coordinate: 41° 2′ 54” E, 24° 42′ 17” N
Karaboğaz neighborhood – Gulyantsi – Pleven BG
1910öh : Karaboğaz Çf . [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 41′ 2” E, 24° 42′ 30” N
Brestnik Брестник village – Rodopi – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Elm
■ Coord: 42° 3′ 20” E, 24° 45′ 55” N
Chernozem Bremen Черноземен “Karatoprak” village – Kaloyanovo – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Karatoprak [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 42° 22′ 50” E, 24° 46′ 47” N
Eksohí Εξοχή “cottage” village – Ksánthi (Xanthi) – Ksánthi GR
1955 : Gizéla Γκιζέλα
1910öh : Karagözlü [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 1′ 51” E, 24° 51′ 39” N
Karacovo Караджово village – Sadovo – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Roe-Isa
■ Coordinate: 42° 5′ 54” E, 24° 54′ 8” N
Totleben Тотлебен village – Pordim – Pleven BG
1910öh : Bılgarski Karaağaç [ Bulgarian / Turkish ]
■ Eduard Totleben (1818-1884), one of the Tsarist generals, played a role in the 1877-78 Ottoman-Russian war. SN
■ Coordinate: 43° 26′ 15” E, 24° 54′ 29” N
Katrámio Κατράμιο village – Ksánthi (Xanthi) – Ksánthi GR
<1920 : Karaköy Καρά Κιόι [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 4′ 31” E, 24° 54′ 46” N
Kormisos village – Liki – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Karamus
■ 1880: 347 Turkish (possibly Pomak) metonio
■ Coordinate: 41° 45′ 57” E, 24° 56′ 0” N
Sirnegor Сърнегор “karacadağ” village – Brezovo – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Karaca Avhad
■ Coord: 42° 27′ 32” E, 24° 56′ 8” N
Alexandrovo Александрово village – Lovech – Lovech BG
<1882 : Karahasan
■ Coordinate: 43° 15′ 49” E, 24° 56′ 47” N
Bolyartsi Болярци village – Sadovo – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Karareis
■ Coordinate: 42° 3′ 59” E, 24° 57′ 10” N
Genisaía Γενισαία village – Ksánthi (Xanthi) – Ksánthi GR
1950 1950 : Genisea
Osm : Yenice-i Karasu Γενιτζέ [ Turkish ]
1997 : Vistónida (prefecture)
■ Turkish settlement
■ The town, which was the administrative center of the region and the main Turkish settlement during the Ottoman period, lost its importance when the sanjak center was moved to Xanthi (Xsanthi) in the mid-19th century. SN
■ Coordinate: 41° 3′ 42” E, 24° 57′ 37” N
Pezúla Πεζούλα village – Ksánthi (Xanthi) – Ksánthi GR
<1920 : Karapazar Καραπαζαρλάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 0′ 22” E, 24° 57′ 40” N
Áskyra Άσκυρα village – Ksánthi (Xanthi) – Ksánthi GR
1910oh : Virane Han Mah.
<1920 : Karaoğlan Καρά Ουλάν (mountain) [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 11′ 43” E, 25° 0′ 42” N
Símantra Σήμαντρα village – Ksánthi (Xanthi) – Ksánthi GR
1909hr : Karacanlı/Karacanlar [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 8′ 16” E, 25° 1′ 32” N
Bolyarino Болярино village – Rakovsky – Plovdiv BG
Former name: Beyköy
1863h : Karabey
■ Coordinate: 42° 14′ 16” E, 25° 2′ 47” N
Karamichevtsi Карамичевци village – Sevlievo – Gabrovo BG
1514t : Karamichevska
■ Coordinate: 42° 53′ 50” E, 25° 4′ 13” N
Opalchenets Опълченец village – Bratya Daskalovi – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Unruly Lands
■ Coordinate: 42° 12′ 35” E, 25° 7′ 21” N
Iskra Искра village – Pırvomay – Plovdiv BG
1906-1950 : Popovo
1863h : Fawns
■ Coordinate: 41° 55′ 58” E, 25° 7′ 52” N
Levski Левски municipality – Levski – Pleven BG
■ Coordinate: 43° 21′ 39” E, 25° 8′ 25” N
Vrlino Върлино village – Nedelino – Smolyan BG
Former name: Karayokuş
■ Coordinate: 41° 28′ 16” E, 25° 9′ 40” N
Chernigovo Чернигово village – Ardino – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Cherni Vrih
Former name: Karamusallar
■ Coordinate: 41° 39′ 33” E, 25° 10′ 12” N
Bryagovo Брягово village – Pırvomay – Plovdiv BG
1863h : Karaalan
■ Coordinate: 41° 59′ 7” E, 25° 10′ 24” N
Voynovo Войново village – Chernoochene – Kardzhali BG
1909hr : Kobaks
Former name: Kara Boys
■ Coordinate: 41° 45′ 1” E, 25° 10′ 39” N
Glykonéri Γλυκονέρι “freshwater” village – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
<1920 : Karapınar Καρά Μπουνάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 0′ 54” E, 25° 11′ 20” N
Tríkorfo Τρίκορφο “three peaks” neighborhood – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
<1920 : Mountain Karamusa Νταγ Καρά Μουσά [ English ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 11′ 33” E, 25° 11′ 26” N
Mosaikó Μωσαϊκό village – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
<1920 : Karamusa Καρά Μουσά [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 5′ 35” E, 25° 11′ 43” N
Zdravchets Здравчец village – Kirkovo – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karabaşlar
■ Coordinate: 41° 23′ 54” E, 25° 12′ 55” N
Cherna Gora Черна гора “montenegro” village – Bratya Daskalovi – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Kara Forest
■ Coordinate: 42° 13′ 8” E, 25° 13′ 27” N
Borovskoe Боровско “çamlı” village – Çernooç until – Kardzhali BG
1909hr : Karamanlar
■ Coordinate: 41° 44′ 2” E, 25° 13′ 56” N
Zagorski Загорски village – Kirkovo – Kardzhali BG
1910oh : Karacalar Mah.
■ Coordinate: 41° 24′ 21” E, 25° 14′ 4” N
Viden Виден village – Pavel Banya – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karayiğitl of
■ Coordinate: 42° 36′ 7” E, 25° 14′ 9” N
Dedets Дедец village – Kirkovo – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Dedekaracalar/Dedeler
■ Coordinate: 41° 23′ 36” E, 25° 14′ 26” N
Cherna Niva Черна нива village – Chernoochene – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karatarla
■ Coord: 41° 46′ 45” E, 25° 15′ 54” N
Brandy Каняк village – Çernooç until – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karaköy İbikler
■ Coordinate: 41° 45′ 23” E, 25° 16′ 54” N
Karacalovo Караджалово village – Pırvomay – Plovdiv BG
1863h : KARACAHALİL
■ Coordinate: 42° 5′ 53” E, 25° 18′ 52” N
Bryastovo Брястово village with elm – Mineralni Bani – Haskovo BG
1863h : Elm
■ Coordinate: 41° 55′ 28” E, 25° 19′ 9” N
Karamantsi Караманци village – Mineralni Bani – Haskovo BG
1863h : Karamanlar
■ Coordinate: 41° 50′ 11” E, 25° 19′ 43” N
Sirnevets Сърневец village – Bratya Daskalovi – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karacaviran
■ Coordinate: 42° 24′ 25” E, 25° 20′ 20” N
Karaisen Караисен village – Pavlikeni – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Kara Isen
■ Coordinate: 43° 22′ 41” E, 25° 20′ 40” N
Çernooç until Черноочене “bream” municipalities – Çernooç until – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karagözler|Yenipazar [ Turkish ]
■ It is a town that developed after the border drawn in 1885 remained on the Ottoman side. It does not appear on old maps. SN
■ Coordinate: 41° 45′ 43” E, 25° 20′ 54” N
Stoyan-Zaimovo Стоян-Заимов village – Chirpan – Stara Zagora BG
Former name: Bednyakovo
1863h : Karacaviran
■ Coordinate: 42° 20′ 41” E, 25° 21′ 6” N
Jeleznik Железник village – Chernoochene – Kardzhali BG
1909hr : Karademir
■ Coordinate: 41° 44′ 30” E, 25° 21′ 8” N
Cerna Skala Черна скала village – Kardzhali – Kardzhali BG
1863h : Karakaya
■ Coordinate: 41° 42′ 0” E, 25° 21′ 32” N
Skobelevo Скобелево village – Dimitrovgrad – Haskovo BG
1863h : Karahisarlı
■ Coordinate: 42° 5′ 50” E, 25° 21′ 45” N
Mavrommáti Μαυρομμάτι village – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
<1920 : Karagözlü Καρά Γκιοζλού [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 0′ 15” E, 25° 23′ 1” N
Lozengradtsi Лозенградци village – Kirkovo – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karakaş
■ Coordinate: 41° 17′ 49” E, 25° 23′ 55” N
Karaivantsa Караиванца village – Dryanovo – Gabrovo BG
Former name: Karaivantsa
■ Coordinate: 42° 59′ 3” E, 25° 24′ 16” N
Gita Гита village – Chirpan – Stara Zagora BG
Former name: Zapadno Shivachevo
1863h : Characters
■ Coordinate: 42° 12′ 8” E, 25° 27′ 20” N
Maslarevo Масларево village – Polski Trambesh – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Oiler
1514t : Karaaycı?
■ Coordinate: 43° 24′ 48” E, 25° 27′ 38” N
Gorna Krepost Горна крепос village – Kardzhali – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Yk. lands
■ Coordinate: 41° 43′ 32” E, 25° 27′ 49” N
Grivyak Гривяк village – Kirkovo – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karaahmetler
■ Coordinate: 41° 23′ 23” E, 25° 28′ 18” N
Karamanovo Караманово village – Tsenovo – Ruse BG
■ Coordinate: 43° 32′ 50” E, 25° 31′ 36” N
Chernyovtsi Черньовци village – Kardzhali – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karamusas
■ Coordinate: 41° 43′ 34” E, 25° 31′ 46” N
Malka Vereya Малка Верея village – Stara Zagora – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karaveliler
■ Coordinate: 42° 24′ 15” E, 25° 32′ 24” N
Tulip Лале village – Momchilgrad – Kardzhali BG
1863h <1934 : Karakoy
■ Coordinate: 41° 31′ 15” E, 25° 32′ 43” N
Áratos village – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
1909hr : Karacaoğlan [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 4′ 55” E, 25° 32′ 58” N
Kaloyants the Калоянци village – Kardzhali – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karabahisli
■ Coordinate: 41° 40′ 2” E, 25° 33′ 1” N
Krovýli Κρωβύλη village – Komotiní ( Comotini ) – Rodópi GR
<1920 : Kara Kardzhali Καρά Κουρτζαλή [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 40° 57′ 22” E, 25° 33′ 33” N
Dióni Διώνη village – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
<1920 : Elm Καρά Αγάτς [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 40° 58′ 46” E, 25° 33′ 47” N
Carnation Карамфил village – Momchilgrad – Kardzhali BG
■ Coordinate: 41° 29′ 15” E, 25° 34′ 26” N
Bryast Бряст “elm” village – Dimitrovgrad – Haskovo BG
1863h : Elm
■ Coordinate: 42° 6′ 29” E, 25° 35′ 0” N
Dimitrovgrad Димитровград municipality – Dimitrovgrad – Haskovo BG
1863h : Karacaoluk [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 42° 3′ 25” E, 25° 35′ 4” N
Elenino Еленино village – Stara Zagora – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karaite/Karagitian
■ Coordinate: 42° 22′ 9” E, 25° 36′ 3” N
Konevo Конево village – Kardzhali – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karaahatlar/Karaatlar
■ Coordinate: 41° 40′ 27” E, 25° 36′ 22” N
Limets Лимец village – Krumovgrad – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karasabanlar
■ Coordinate: 41° 22′ 33” E, 25° 37′ 29” N
Petko Karavelovo Петко Караве village – Polski Trambeş – Veliko Tarnovo BG
1951- : Sashevo
1942-1951 : Petko Karavelovo
Former name: Rooms
1878-1942 : Odaite
■ Coordinate: 43° 18′ 9” E, 25° 38′ 45” N
Chernogorovo Черногорово “montenegro” village – Dimitrovgrad – Haskovo BG
1863h : Kara Forest [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 42° 1′ 52” E, 25° 39′ 3” N
Filip Totevo dead settlement – Veliko Tarnovo – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Karahasanlar
■ Coordinate: 42° 53′ 57” E, 25° 40′ 3” N
Polkovnik Jelyazovo Полковник Же “Colonel J” village – Krumovgrad – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karademirler
■ Coordinate: 41° 28′ 1” E, 25° 40′ 15” N
Karantsi Каранци village – Polski Trambesh – Veliko Tarnovo BG
1514t : Karamca
■ Coordinate: 43° 23′ 17” E, 25° 40′ 37” N
Vodentsi Воденци village – Stambolovo – Haskovo BG
1909hr : Karamusas
■ Coordinate: 41° 41′ 8” E, 25° 41′ 2” N
Moryantsi Морянци village – Krumovgrad – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karapinar
■ Coordinate: 41° 35′ 23” E, 25° 41′ 51” N
Pelin Пелин village – Krumovgrad – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karabeyli
■ Coordinate: 41° 27′ 58” E, 25° 44′ 2” N
Chernooki Чернооки “karagöz” village – Krumovgrad – Kardzhali BG
Former name: Karagöz [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 26′ 39” E, 25° 46′ 15” N
Ekzarh Yosif Екзарх Йосиф village – Borovo – Ruse BG
Former name: Karakocalı [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 36′ 58” E, 25° 47′ 0” N
Velikovo Великово village – Galabovo – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karamanli
■ Coordinate: 42° 11′ 15” E, 25° 47′ 52” N
Karaivantsi Караиванци village – Elena – Veliko Tarnovo BG
1514t : Karaivanica
■ Coord: 42° 48′ 21” E, 25° 48′ 28” N
Sirnevo Сърнево village with “karaca” – Radnevo – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karacalı/Karacahalilli
■ Coordinate: 42° 21′ 24” E, 25° 50′ 2” N
Mavrópetra Μαυρόπετρα dead settlement – Aleksandrupóli (Alexandroupolis) – Évros GR
1910öh : Karakaya Καρακαγιά [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 40° 59′ 27” E, 25° 50′ 38” N
Gılıbovo Гълъбово municipalities – Galabovo – Stara Zagora BG
Former name: Kladenchevo
1863h : Karapinar
■ Coordinate: 42° 8′ 36” E, 25° 51′ 52” N
Podslon Подслон village – Stara Zagora – Stara Zagora BG
1902-1950 : Tsarevo
1863h : Karabunar
■ Coordinate: 42° 28′ 31” E, 25° 52′ 6” N
Lozen Лозен village – Strajitsa – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Karahasan
■ Coordinate: 43° 19′ 31” E, 25° 52′ 15” N
Harádra Χαράδρα neighborhood – Komotiní ( Comotyne ) – Rodópi GR
■ Coordinate: 41° 11′ 12” E, 25° 53′ 20” N
Znamenosets Знаменосец village – Radnevo – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karaburun
■ Coordinate: 42° 16′ 54” E, 25° 53′ 56” N
Karanovo Караново village – Nova Zagora – Sliven BG
1863h : Kisbetli
■ Coordinate: 42° 30′ 48” E, 25° 54′ 46” N
Karlovsko Карловско village – Ivaylovgrad – Haskovo BG
1934 : Karlovo
1909hr : Karaoglu? [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 31′ 51” E, 25° 55′ 36” N
Uránia Ουράνια village – Suflí – Évros GR
1910öh : Karaören/Karaviran Καρά Ουρέν [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 17′ 7” E, 25° 56′ 32” N
Cherna Mogila Черна могила “karahöyük” village – Harmanli – Haskovo BG
1909hr : Karatepe
■ Coordinate: 41° 48′ 35” E, 25° 56′ 47” N
Troyanovo Трояново village – Radnevo – Stara Zagora BG
1863h : Karaalili/Karahaliller
■ Coordinate: 42° 11′ 52” E, 25° 57′ 9” N
………………………………………
sort b>d k>g alphabetically city-district
Cherni Rid Черни рид village – Ivaylovgrad – Haskovo BG
■ Coordinate: 41° 30′ 57” E, 25° 58′ 13” N
Karan Vırbovka Каран Върбов village – Dve Mogili – Ruse BG
Former name: Karan Vrbovka
■ Coordinate: 43° 30′ 8” E, 25° 59′ 39” N
Mednikarovo Медникарово village – Galabovo – Stara Zagora BG
Former name: Karapelit
■ Coordinate: 42° 7′ 27” E, 26° 0′ 5” N
Kondovo Кондово village – Ivaylovgrad – Haskovo BG
1910öh : Müsellim|Kara Ilıca [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 26′ 6” E, 26° 0′ 49” N
? dead settlement – Suflí – Évros GR
1910öh : Mascaras
■ Its current name is unknown.
■ Coordinate: 41° 19′ 39” E, 26° 1′ 29” N
Cherna Cherkva dead settlement – Ivaylovgrad – Haskovo BG
1910öh : Karakilise [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 21′ 21” E, 26° 1′ 51” N
Izgrev Изгрев village – Sliven – Sliven BG
Former name: Karamtsalar
Former name: Erdoganli
■ Coordinate: 42° 53′ 17” E, 26° 6′ 28” N
Vylchovtsi Вълчовци position – Elena – Veliko Tarnovo BG
Former name: Karakurts
■ Coordinate: 42° 54′ 59” E, 26° 7′ 12” N
Petrotá Πετρωτά “stony” village – Orestiáda – Évros GR
1910öh : Karabakh Καραμπάγ [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 41′ 42” E, 26° 7′ 56” N
Elenovo Еленово village – Nova Zagora – Sliven BG
Former name: Karaca Muratli
■ Coordinate: 42° 23′ 9” E, 26° 8′ 35” N
Seliminovo Селиминово village – Sliven – Sliven BG
Former name: Karasarlı
■ Coordinate: 42° 38′ 51” E, 26° 9′ 5” N
Baba Tonka Баба Тонка village – Popovo – Targovishte BG
1910öh : Karaveliler [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 15′ 3” E, 26° 9′ 50” N
Slavyanovo Славяново village – Popovo – Targovishte BG
Former name: Karaağaç [ Turkish ]
1894-1947 : Borisovo
■ Coordinate: 43° 17′ 39” E, 26° 10′ 33” N
Prohorovo Прохорово village – Nova Zagora – Sliven BG
Former name: Karakurt
■ Coordinate: 42° 21′ 12” E, 26° 12′ 22” N
Poroyno Поройно “selli” village – Antonovo – Targovishte BG
■ Coordinate: 43° 7′ 10” E, 26° 13′ 59” N
Pteléa Φτελιά village – Orestiáda – Évros GR
1910oh : Elm | Çirmen Elm Καραγάτς Τσιρμέν [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 42′ 17” E, 26° 14′ 21” N
Taymiste Таймище village – Antonovo – Targovishte BG
1910oh : Karalar Mah. [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 4′ 36” E, 26° 15′ 19” N
Zaraevo Зараево village – Popovo – Targovishte BG
Former name: Karahasan [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 26′ 22” E, 26° 15′ 41” N
Mavrokklísi Μαυροκκλήσι village – Didimotího (Dimetoka) – Évros GR
1910öh : Karakilise Καρακκλήσι [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 20′ 24” E, 26° 16′ 11” N
Chernodib Чернодъб village – Svilengrad – Haskovo BG
1909hr : Kara Kadir/Hıdır [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 45′ 56” E, 26° 16′ 27” N
Kornofoliá Κορνοφωλέα village – Suflí – Évros GR
<1920 : Karabunar Καρά Βουνάρ [ Turkish ]
1909hr : Derbent Karabunar [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 9′ 28” E, 26° 17′ 40” N
Panaretovtsi Панаретовци village – Sliven – Sliven BG
1863h : Karahasanlı/Karsanlı
■ Coordinate: 42° 33′ 55” E, 26° 17′ 54” N
Elafohóri Ελαφοχώρι “geyikköy” village – Didimotího (Dimetoka) – Évros GR
<1920 : Karacali Καρατζαλή [ Turkish ]
1910öh : Karahalil [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 26′ 26” E, 26° 19′ 22” N
Vrysiká Βρυσικά village – Didimotího (Dimetoka) – Évros GR
1910öh : Çeşnigir Karapınar Καρά Βουνάρ [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 24′ 3” E, 26° 20′ 1” N
Panayot Hitovo Панайот Хито village – Omurtag – Targovishte BG
1910öh : İlyas Karalar [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 8′ 15” E, 26° 20′ 1” N
Moravka Моравка village – Antonovo – Targovishte BG
1910öh : Karadirli/Karadilli [ Turkish “kara Kadirli?” ]
■ Coord: 43° 10′ 49” E, 26° 20′ 4” N
Amório village – Didimotího (Dimetoka) – Évros GR
1910oh : Karapinar?
1909hr : Karabeyli [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 41° 17′ 57” E, 26° 26′ 18” N
Kozma Prezviter Козма презви village – Omurtag – Targovishte BG
1910öh : Kara Choulfas [ Turkish ]
1514t : Kara Cullahs
■ Coord: 43° 9′ 12” E, 26° 27′ 37” N
Chudomir Чудомир village – Loznitsa – Razgrad BG
Former name: Karaeyup
■ Coordinate: 43° 21′ 39” E, 26° 30′ 36” N
Sákkos Σάκκος village – Orestiáda – Évros GR
1910öh : Karasaklı Καρά Ισχακλή [ Turkish “kara Ishaklı ” ]
■ It is one of the villages founded in the late 19th century by Orthodox Albanians who migrated from Zalufi (now Kırcasalih to Uzunköprü). cf. Havsa-Abalar. SN
■ Coordinate: 41° 32′ 21” E, 26° 31′ 24” N
Chernokaptsi Чернокапци “karabaş” village – Omurtag – Targovishte BG
■ Coordinate: 43° 3′ 53” E, 26° 31′ 47” N
Vrani Kon Врани кон village – Omurtag – Targovishte BG
1514t : Kara Ahads
■ Coordinate: 43° 1′ 18” E, 26° 33′ 32” N
Chernookovo Чернооково “karagöz” village – Vırbitsa – Shumen BG
Former name: Karagözler [ Turkish ]
■ Coord: 42° 59′ 2” E, 26° 35′ 45” N
Brestovene Брестовене village with elm – Zavet – Razgrad BG
Former name: Karaağaç
■ Coord: 43° 45′ 27” E, 26° 35′ 48” N
Brenitsa Бреница village – Tutrakan – Silistra BG
1910oh : Karamehmetler
■ Coordinate: 43° 53′ 30” E, 26° 36′ 57” N
Sushevo Сушево village – Zavet – Razgrad BG
Former name: Karakocalar
■ Turkish settlement
■ Coordinate: 43° 49′ 12” E, 26° 37′ 39” N
Karavelovo Каравелово village – Tundzha – Yambol BG
1863h : Beyköy
■ In 1880, there were 338 Bulgarians and 82 Turks. metonyo
■ Coordinate: 42° 18′ 40” E, 26° 37′ 45” N
Probuda Пробуда village – Targovishte – Targovishte BG
Former name: Karakaşlı [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 17′ 11” E, 26° 38′ 36” N
Veselina Веселина village – Loznitsa – Razgrad BG
Former name: Karagöz
■ Turkish settlement
■ Coordinate: 43° 27′ 31” E, 26° 41′ 7” N
Golyam Izvor Голям извор village – Samuil – Razgrad BG
Former name: Kara Albania
■ Coordinate: 43° 34′ 15” E, 26° 43′ 12” N
Stefan Karaca Стефан Карад village – Glavinitsa – Silistra BG
1910oh : Ahmats
■ Coordinate: 43° 54′ 19” E, 26° 43′ 33” N
Chernogor Черногор village – Glavinitsa – Silistra BG
1514t 1910öh : Karahidirlar/Karahizlar [ Turkish ]
■ Coordinate: 43° 56′ 28” E, 26° 45′ 0” N
Vinitsa dead settlement – Vrbitsa – Shumen BG
Former name: Karademir [ Turkish ]
■ The dam remained under the lake. SN
■ Coordinate: 43° 5′ 9” E, 26° 47′ 11” N
Stefan Karacovo Стефан Карад village – Bolyarovo – Yambol BG
1909hr : Drinking|Stefan Karacovo
■ Stefan Karaca (1840-1868), considered a national hero by Bulgarians, was born in this village. He was executed by order of the Danube Governor Mithat Pasha. SN
■ It is a Bulgarian village with a population of 580 in 1880. In 1889 the name was changed to Stefan Karacovo. metonyo
■ Coordinate: 42° 13′ 1” E, 26° 49′ 47” N
Kara Mihal Кара Михал village – Samuil – Razgrad BG
Former name: Karamanlar
■ Coordinate: 43° 35′ 35” E, 26° 50′ 6” N
Cherna Черна village – Hitrino – Shumen BG
■ Coordinate: 43° 27′ 51” E, 26° 52′ 50” N
Mokresh Мокреш village – Veliki Preslav – Shumen BG
■ Coordinate: 43° 8′ 27” E, 26° 53′ 18” N
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Contents
How is thought formed?
- Imagination (utopia) and life.
- How do we think?
- Why do we think differently? Me and we
Power of thought and contemplation.
- Writing.
- Philosophy.
- Math.
- Music
Thought and Connectivity
Pioneer Thinkers
- Turkish thinkers (towards the 1000s).
- European thinkers (1600s)
Thought center: the brain.
- Cell.
- Pain
Thought (science) and religion.
- Where is science running?
- University.
- Genetics.
- Religion. Koran.
- International University of Islam and Technologies
The life story of a thinker
İsmail Hakkı Aydın, from the past to his future.
- From grandfather to grandchild (to all young people).
- Listen to me as well.
Book cover
- How does the brain think?
- Can we get rid of pain with the power of thought?
- How is thought formed?
- What is utopia?
- Will artificial thinking affect humanity?
- What makes us think differently?
Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India
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by Ümit Erdem
Heading the excavations of 12 archaeological sites in Taş Tepeler, including Göbeklitepe, Prof.Dr. Necmi Karul shared the findings of the Neolithic Age in the region. In the Neolithic age, cattle were twice as large and sheep were woolless. Skulls of dead people were removed and new faces were added. Monumental structures, which are considered to be a revolution in terms of architecture, were encountered in the region.
Ümit Erdem- Culture and Tourism Ministry, Sanliurfa at Stone Hills project by conducting studies in 12 archaeological sites. As part of the project, excavations continue in Göbeklitepe , Karahantepe, Gürcütepe, Sayburç, Çakmaktepe, Sefertepe and Yeni Mahalle Mound.
In the coming days, excavations will also begin in Ayanlar, Yogunburç, Harbetsuvan, Kurt Tepesi and Taşlıtepe. In charge of these excavations, Prof. Dr. Necmi Karul shared the findings of the studies carried out so far with the academic world with the presentations he made at the launch of Taş Tepeler.
TRANSITION TO SETTLEMENT
– For 12 thousand years, hunter, gatherer, consumer life gives way to productive life. Living in groups, which organizes our social life today, is being replaced by an individual life in which the house is at the center. The size of the cattle we uncovered is twice the size of today’s cattle. Sheep are longer, they do not have a layer of wool on them, they have a skin with hard bristles. We are trying to unravel this process.
THE BEEF WOULD NOT EAT
– When we consider that grains are cultivated and harvested in 2 million square kilometers all over the world, it becomes clear how important it is to use grains for agriculture in our daily lives. Again, 1.5 billion cattle are consumed all over the world today. This consumption would not exist today if these cattle had not been domesticated. The homeland of all these is Anatolia, especially this region. The first settlements, which were used throughout the year 10 thousand 500 years ago, are beginning to be seen in this geography.
Contrary to what is written in the books
In all of these places, we saw people live for 12 months. It means that they settled down while they were hunter-gatherers. We have seen that hunter-gathering, that is, agriculture and animal husbandry, is a result of settled life, not a cause. This is one of the leading information that has been changed by the results of archaeological excavations in this region in all school books in the world.
THE FOUNDATION OF TODAY’S SKYSCRAPPING
– We encounter monumental structures for the first time in this region. We see that all of these structures are buried in the ground, and that they are round-plan structures and all of them have roofs. At this stage, people do not yet know how to make a self-supporting wall. In this period, people do not know how to make a corner. That’s why they build their structures round. We see that the first angular structures appeared in this region. When you solve the corner, you can build today’s skyscraper. You encounter this discovery, which is revolutionary in terms of architecture, with the oldest examples in the mound in Karahantepe.
FIRST FOX, LION AND BULL DESCRIPTIONS
– We see that there are at least 12 obelisks in all of these structures. Another common feature of these structures is that we see that these structures are buried just as we bury a person after all of their functions are finished. We see that they have been left to be preserved for future generations, together with all their experiences and everything they have inside.
– We encounter many animal depictions on the obelisks. We can say that these animals show a great diversity, from reptiles to large mammals. Again, in some structures, we encounter the first examples of depictions such as fox, Lion and Bull . The common feature of these animals is that they are depicted in a frightening aggressive position. Care was taken to depict it in motion.
SHOWING COMMUNITIES’ SHARED MEMORY
– The combination of several motifs on the obelisks is a sign of the existence of some partnerships. Those motifs are those that are in the memories of those people. This shows us that communities have a common memory.

ANOTHER FACE AFTER DEATH
– There is a headless human motif. It’s about their beliefs. We see that people separate their heads from their bodies and bury their heads separately. After the person dies, they are buried and waited until the meat on them leaves. Later, the skull is taken from there and taken to another place, and another face that does not belong to it is added to it.
– I would like to summarize the results we have achieved in Karahantepe. This whole process begins 10,500 years ago. In the first examples, we see that the way people are depicted is depicted in very schematic simple lines, not too exaggerated. In the later stages of the process, we see that this has changed and the depictions of humans have begun to become more and more monumental, and along with this, the depictions of animals have gradually decreased, and the depictions of humans have begun to take their place. Numerous three-dimensional human head sculptures were unearthed in Karahantepe. We see that all human depictions are masculine.
Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light
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by Umut Erdem, Hürriyet Newspaper
25.09.2021
After Göbeklitepe in Şanlıurfa, the greatest discovery of the world of archeology, which sheds light on the history of humanity 12 thousand years ago, 12 more excavations under the name of ‘Stone Hills’ are being carried out in the same region… Tourism Minister Ersoy, who introduced Karahantepe from these excavations yesterday, said, “ Göbeklitepe is not alone. With 12 excavations, we will be interpreting the unknown stories of Anatolia’s contribution to the history of humanity.” (Umut Erdem/Hürriyet)

Polished stone age is one of the historical periods that we all first learned at school. In other words, the Neolithic Age with its scientific name. What is known about this period, known as the end of the Stone Age, to about 10,000 BC, was naturally very limited. Until the discovery of Göbeklitepe in Şanlıurfa.

Archaeological finds unearthed in Göbeklitepe shed light on one of the oldest periods in human history. A great deal of information, from what the people of that period ate and drank to how they worshiped, is no longer a secret. And Göbeklitepe is not alone. Anatolia continues its pioneering work on the enlightenment of the Neolithic Age.

After Göbeklitepe, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List, 12 more excavations are being carried out in the region under the name of ‘Stone Hills’. These excavations, which have similar obelisks in Göbeklitepe, will host the first examples of settled life and social communities in the world. The new star of Taş Tepeler, which was announced to the world with a launch made the previous day, is Karahantepe .

Archaeological excavations continue in 7 areas , including Göbeklitepe, Karahantepe , Gürcütepe, Sayburç, Çakmaktepe, Sefertepe and Yeni Mahalle Mound, covering an area of 100 square kilometers . In the coming days, as part of the first phase of the project covering the years 2021-2024, excavations will also begin in Ayanlar, Yogunburç, Harbetsuvan, Kurt Tepesi and Taşlıtepe settlements. Göbeklitepe and Karahantepe main station; There will be intermediate stations in areas such as Sefertepe, Taşlıtepe and Ayanlar Höyük. Karahantepe is planned to be opened to visitors in 2022.
It will shed light on 12 thousand years of history

The Stone Hills region contains the first examples of organized labor and specialization in the history of civilizations. It will be revealed that the findings obtained in the excavations to be carried out in 12 places shed light on the knowledge of humanity in a wide area from the daily lives of people in the prehistoric period to the world of belief, and that there are many other places similar to Göbeklitepe, which reflects the first stages of the Neolithic Age in Şanlıurfa.

In Stone Hills, which is thought to be the beginning of the process where the shelter turned into a dwelling and real villages emerged 12 thousand years ago, there are finds on humanity’s first use of pottery and the ability to carry out basic trade initiatives. The monumental structures in the region are believed to be communal places where people come together.

Göbeklitepe Excavation Head, who is responsible for 12 excavations, Prof. Dr. Necmi Karul answered the curious questions of the world press. Karul, “Research shows us that the ancestors of cereals; showed that the ancestors of domesticated animals such as cattle and goats were in these lands. We designed a project where we could find the opportunity to add to this evidence. Now in this context, we have designed excavations at 12 points and started seven of them. It will make important contributions to the Neolithic period,” he said. Karahantepe rises within Şanlıurfa’s interesting limestone authentic land structure. These limestone rocks are the main material of the finds. The obelisks and a human figure in Karahantepe, which we reached after a small climb, draw attention. Numerous animal depictions on T-shaped obelisksThere . Chairman Karul underlines that “the first examples of depictions such as fox, lion and bull” are encountered in this region. All of the animals are portrayed as aggressive and they are all masculine animals. Stating that the presence of several motifs on the stones indicates the existence of some commonalities, Karul said, “It shows that societies have common memories. It makes sense when we think of Karahantepe together with Göbeklitepe. We are trying to make the process of approximately 1500 years understandable.”

Culture and Tourism Minister Mehmet Nuri Ersoy introduced Karahantepe to the world for the first time yesterday, after the launch, within the scope of the Taş Tepeler project . A promotional organization was held in Karahantepe with a meeting attended by representatives of many international media organizations.

Thus, Karahantepe was showcased for the first time in the world. Karahantepe, which was registered as a first degree archaeological site in 2007, is located in the Tek Tek Mountains National Park. As a result of the studies, the presence of many obelisks was determined.

Underlining that Göbeklitepe updates our knowledge in archeology, Minister Ersoy said, “It has put before us new questions that have not been asked before and which are essential to answer. Now we’re going to pull that point deeper and farther back. Because Göbeklitepe is not alone and alone. We will be interpreting the unknown stories of Anatolia’s contribution to the history of humanity with 12 excavations,” he says, referring to the importance of the project.

Ersoy underlines that cooperation is planned with 12 institutions and organizations, including 8 different universities. He also adds that 8 different universities from 5 countries and 4 international academies, institutes and museums are included in the Şanlıurfa Neolithic Studies Project. It is announced that these countries will be Japan, Russia , Germany , England and France .

Emphasizing that Taş Tepeler is the largest and most comprehensive archaeological project in the country to date , Minister Ersoy explains the contribution of the study to tourism and the country’s economy as follows:

“A public investment of 127 million TL is envisaged, excluding current and personnel expenses. We will ensure that the results obtained with the Şanlıurfa Neolithic Research Project meet with the scientific community and society. It is aimed to make Karahantepe one of the most important stops among the Neolithic period settlements. This is the largest and most comprehensive archeology project in our country .

We detected 16 more points around Göbeklitepe. We want this to be the largest international project in the world. We think that this project, in the form of the Stone Hills route, will receive several million annual visitors as it launches. We think it will go up to 5-6 million. It will become the main hub of six to seven-day routes in the Southeast. We will turn this place into a tourist center. We think it will contribute one billion dollars annually to the economy in a few years. Our expectation for the first five years is to provide a tourism input of 5 billion dollars from here.”

Şanlıurfa Metropolitan Municipality Mayor Zeynel Abidin Beyazgül is one of the names that the project makes the most happy . Beyazgül, who set the Egyptian Pyramids as his target, said, “We claim that this is the center of gastronomy. Don’t people 12 thousand years ago bring the most delicious things here? We know that our music is also far ahead. Almost every single one of our children has a beautiful voice. Now, Urfa will be able to compete with the Egyptian Pyramids.”

Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five
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by Dr. Emine Sonnur Özcan (Author)
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The Identity of Scythian and Turk in the Base of Cultural History
EMİNE SONNUR ÖZCAN
Copyright © 2020 Emine Sonnur Özcan
All rights reserved.
For Abu Rayhan Mohammad b. Ahmad al-Birûnî (973-1061)
INTRODUCTION
The main object of this research is “the Scythians” and “the Turks” from the earliest to medieval times: from a cultural history perspective, they can be regarded fundamentally similar. To provide evidence-based data for the argument, various aspects of the lifestyle typical of these nomadic communities, and their agglutinative language are going to be discussed in the study.
Throughout history, any group of people on the earth, need others to be identified and named. In this context, the first descriptions about features of the nomadic Scythians-Turks and their geographical region they lived in could go back to the resident communities in the areas inhabited by the Sumerians. People possessing Scythians and Turks features, and commonly classified as “Tûrânians” in the 19th century and early 20th century, were also referred to as “Martu”, “Subir”, “Elam”, “Turukku”, “Isquza” and “Sahi” in Mesopotamia, the recognized cradle of civilization. If we look at the Iranian world, the Scythians-Turks, with their language and lifestyle elements similar to the nomadic people of Mesopotamia, were called as “Tûr” or “Tûc”, “Turk”, “Tûrânî” and “Saka”. When we turn to the ancient Greeks, in their early sources we can find the description of the Scythians-Turks under the names of “Tauries” (people living in the Caucasus Taurus), “mare drinkers” (Hippemolgi), “the most righteous people” (Abii) and “Scythians”. The authors of the Roman period used to refer to those communities as “Scythae” and “Turcae”.
Among the names mentioned above –all of them will be addressed in more detail below– “Scythians” and “Turks” have been used for identifying the peoples who belong to horse-based nomadic culture the commonest and the longest. Thus, having in view that these two different names are used to denote almost the same cultural community, in this study, the unified term “Scythians-Turks” has been applied to provide more theoretical insight into the issue and harmonize further description.
Conflict and identity, as a kind of mirror of the societies in a broad sense, also mean a variety of existence. The history of the conflict “sedentarynomadic”, or of the people who reside in fortified cities and the mountain dwellers with their yurts and flocks leading a nomadic way of life, is as ancient as the history of the world: thus, the first known epic story Gilgamesh narrates about that kind of conflict. However, as the great scholar of Khwarezm Abu Reyhan al-Birunî (973-1061) claims, world civilization is shaped under the influence of diverse needs of people inhabiting the Earth in the course of evolution1. Accordingly, the author of this study believes that any “delusion of grandeur” to “others” within any community is limited throughout history in time, space and belongingness. The most likely distinctive feature establishing the superiority of one society over others and ensuring the continuity of life as such is respect for nature and harmonious coexistence with it.
1 Shlomo Pines, Tuvia Gelblum, “Al-Bīrūni and Patañjali”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, 1966, p. 302.
Emine Sonnur Özcan
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………. vii
SCYTHIANS-TURKS IN EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN SOURCES………. 1
- Nomad Warrior People in Mesopotamia and the Scythians-Turks………… 1
a.1. The Martus…………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
a.2. The Subirs…………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
a.3. The Elamites………………………………………………………………………………………13
a.4. The Turukkeans…………………………………………………………………………………15
a.5. The Kingdom of Mari Terqa and Khana……………………………………………17
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………..20
SCYTHIANS AND TURKS IN MEDIEVAL WRITTEN SOURCES:
SIMILARITY IN LIFESTYLE ……………………………………………………………….24
- a. Geographical and political division in the ancient world ………………….24
- The division of Seven Climates (Climes)………………………………………………………..25
- The division of Faridûn…………………………………………………26
- The division of the Prophet Noah ………………………………………………………………..27
- The division of the Greeks ………………………………………..27
- The division of Hermes……………………………………………………………………..28
- The division of the Indians………………………………………………………….29
- b. The Scythians/Sakas/Turks in Persian and Assyrian Sources………………………..31
b.1. The Sakas/Turks in Persian Sources…………………………………………………………..31
b.2. The Scythians/Sakas in Assyrian Sources …………………………………………………..40
b.3. Cultural uniformity of the Scythians-Turks in Ancient Greek, Roman,
Chinese Sources ……………………………………………………………………………………….42
b.3.1. The Tauri Scythians………………………………………………………………………..51
b.3.2. The Scythians as barbaric communities…………………………………………..55
THE SCYTHIAN-TURKIC SIMILARITY: FINDING COMMON
GROUND IN ANCIENT SOURCES ……………………………………………………57
THE IDENTITY OF SCYTHIAN AND TURK
v
III. a. Warlike people who avoided wars: simplicity, bravery and honesty..57
III. b. Scythian-Turkic clothing ………………………………………………………………..74
III. c. Felt………………………………………………………………………………………………….77
III. d. Scythians-Turks’ dwelling: wagons-houses……………………………………..80
III. e. Scythian-Turkic alimentary tradition and culture: main nutrition
elements……………………………………………………………………………….84
III. e. 1. Millet (dari) …………………………………………………………………………………84
III. e. 2. Horse, Mare’s milk, kumis (koumiss), and meat………………………….86
III. e. 3. Scythian and Turkic women: freedom and equal rights in the
community …………………………………………………………………….97
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………109
THE OLD-NEW TESTAMENT AND THE QUR’AN ABOUT GOGMAGOG AND THE SCYTHIANS-TURKS ……………………………………….116
- Old Testament and Gog-Magog …………………………………………………………118
- Gog and Magog in the New Testament……………………………………………….121
- Ya’juj and Ma’juj in the Islamic sources……………………………………………….123
- The Perception of Scythian-Turkiс Identity in the Late Middle Ages.………..144
CONCLUSION:…………………………………………………………………………………….154
“Volatile course” of monographic studies………………………………………………154
on the Scythians …………………………………………………………………………………154
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………….157
Emine Sonnur Özcan
LIST OF IMAGES
Image 1. Trilingual inscription of Darius at Behistun p. 37
Image 2. An Amazon throwing a lasso p. 65
Image 3. A miniature, which depicts using lasso by the Turks in a war area p. 66
Image 4. “Head of Cyrus brought to Tomyris” p.101
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1. The Babylonian Map of the World p. 2
Map 2. Mesopotamia Circa 2500-1000 BC p. 18
Map 3. Al-Birunî’s Seven Climates p. 26
Map 4. The geographic division of ancient world according to Feridûn p. 27
Map 5. The geographic divisions of ancient world according to the Greeks p. 28
Map 6. The Persian division of Hermes p. 29
Map 7. The division of Indians p. 30
Map 8. The geography of the regions where three peoples – Scythian/Saka/Turkic-lived in the era of Darius I p. 39
Map 9. The Scythian land in the North of the Black Sea according to Herodotus p. 43
Map 10. Scythia within (to the west of) the Imaus (Himalaya) mountains, (Ptolemy, 7th map) p. 49
Map 11. Scythia beyond (to the east of) the Imaus mountains, (Ptolemy, 8th map) p. 50
Map 12. Ancient Greece and the Taurians/Scythians on the North of the
Black Sea p. 54
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- How do you define Turkey for your understanding. What is Turkey?
- What is imagined in mindset as Turkey, What is Turkey as a concept
- Do you think Turkey means the world?
- Do you think that Turkey represents a unique story?
- Do you understand the books only as the books or more meanings?
- Who are the stereotyped individuals in respect of who shows an interest in Turkey?
- Which of the stereotyped individuals are more important in respect of Turkey interest?
- Do you think that English language literature on Turkey is sufficient?
- When we talk about “Beyond Turkey” concept and understanding, what comes to your mind?
- Do you think that Turkey is a unique key for creative solutions of the world and if so how?
- Do you think any parallel understanding of Humanity concept and Turkey?
- Is Turkey a follower or a leader in the world?
- Do you think “Made in Turkey” label has a global or a regional brand image?
- Do you publish your books and articles in English language as well and is it enough?
https://www.booksonturkey.com/what-is-turkey-4/
https://www.booksonturkey.com/what-is-turkey-3/
https://www.booksonturkey.com/what-is-turkey-2/
© Copyright photo by Levent Ağaoğlu, 1975, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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by Ilber Ortayli, Professor
Archbishop Elpidophoros is the son of Istanbul. He was the metropolitan of Bursa; Since there was no congregation in Bursa, he was the dean of the Seminary of the Clergy in Heybeliada. He preserved this school as if it were alive, on behalf of the Patriarchate, which did not give up hope of opening it. He was elected as the archbishop of the congregation of the Americas and appointed patriarch Bartholomew.
In recent days, he was attacked by some bigots, most notably by the Foreign Ministry of Cyprus and Greece, for attending the opening of the Türkevi. I don’t think he cared. Although the Orthodox Church interferes in politics, it does not mix politics with itself. It is clear that he is one of the representatives of this principle. He knows Turkish well, loves Turkey, and is a cleric and scholar who understands very well that conflict with Turkey is not for the benefit of Orthodoxy. He knows this country. He knows his friends. He speaks many languages, his knowledge of history and philosophy is excellent.
Some of our circles need to adopt a similar understanding. The center of the Orthodox world is Istanbul. We cannot abandon this principle. This is the continuation of Turkey‘s historical role. The clergy who understand this are also sane and friendly, understanding clergy. The principled and mature behavior of Archbishop Elpidophoros as a Turkish citizen should be seen as an example and celebrated.
https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/ilber-ortayli/belgradin-fethinin-500-yili-41903227













