Bir eser başlığı olarak ilk kez Kaşgarlı Mahmut’un Divan’ı Lügati’t Türk (1074) adlı sözlüğünde kullanılan Türk kavramı ardından geçen uzun yüzyıllar boyunca kavram olarak kullanımdan düşmüş ve fakat 19. yüzyılda Şemsettin Sami’nin Kamus-ı Türki (1901) adlı sözlüğü ile yeniden gündeme gelmiştir. Kamûs-ı Türkî, adında “Türk” sözcüğü geçen ilk Türkçeden Türkçeye sözlüktür. Bunun üzerinde etkili olan bir diğer gelişme ise Vilhelm Thomsen (1842-1927) tarafından 1893 yılında Orhun Yazıtlarının dilinin Türkçe olarak çözülmesi ile ilgilidir.

Ardından Yusuf Akçura‘nın Üç Tarz-ı Siyaset (1904) adlı kitabı ve Ziya Gökalp’in Türkleşmek, İslamlaşmak, Muasırlaşmak (1918), Türkçülüğün Esasları (1923), Türk Töresi (1923) gibi kitapları bu konudaki başlangıç literatür olarak zikredilebilecektir. Türk kavramını, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, tüm yönleriyle ele alarak, devleti ve ulusu Türk kavramı etrafında şekillendirmişti.

Siyasi kavram olarak Türklük, ikinci Göktürk devleti ile birlikte Kutluk Kağan ile ilgili keşfedilen yeni bir yazıt’ta ve ayrıca Tonyukuk yazıtında ortaya çıkmıştı. Böylelikle Türk kavramı ilk kez Göktürkler ile hayat bulmuştur.

Göktürkler döneminde Türk kavramı etrafında bir uluslaşmaya karşın Karahanlılar devletinde vuku bulan İslamlaşma ile birlikte ümmet olgusu öne çıkmış ve Türk kavramı 1000 yıl boyunca unutulmaya yüz tutmuştu. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile birlikte kavram yeniden gündeme gelmişti

Türkler, çok geniş coğrafyalarda varlık göstermelerine ve yeradlarını dilleriyle bu coğrafyalara nakşetmelerine ve beş temel renk ( ak, kara, kızıl, sarı, gök) yön belirten yer adlarını kullanmalarına karşın, herhangi bir jeopolitik sistematik ve teori maalesef geliştirememişlerdir.

Bu konudaki akla gelen yegane eser Katip Çelebi’nin Cihannüma adlı dünya coğrafyasını inceleyen kitabıdır. Kitabın ilk kısmı önsöz ile başlar, yerküre, okyanuslar, kutuplar ve kıtalar ile ilgili genel bilgiler verilir. İkinci bölümde; batıdan başlayarak doğuya doğru: Endülüs, Bosna, Macaristan ve Rumeli topraklara dair bilgiler verilir. Yazar Venedik, Anadolu, Fransa, Vatikan, Britanya ile ilgili yeterli bilgilere ulaşamadığı için kitabına alamamıştır.

Coğrafyaları, yönler itibari ile de kendi açımızdan inceleyen kavramlar geliştirilmiş olmamıza rağmen, İmparatorluğumuz çöküşe geçtiğinden ötürü, bunlar kullanımdan düşmüş ve Anglosakson kavramlar ( Orta Doğu, Orta Asya vb.) tabirler tarzında coğrafyalarımıza son derece yabancı olan kavramlar kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

BM 5 güçleri olan ABD, İngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Çin gibi küresel boyutlu ülkelerin kendi jeopolitik çerçeve ve teorileri ve bu konularda geliştirilmiş kavramları söz konusudur. Bu ülkelere Almanya, Japonya, İspanya, İtalya gibi ülkeleri de ilave edebiliriz.

Türkiye’de politik değerlendirmeler maalesef sadece tarih ve tarihteki kişiler üzerine yoğunlaşmış olup coğrafya konusunda bir ilgisizlik ve bilgisizlik çok yaygındır.

Türk Jeopolitik Alanları

O halde bizlere düşen vazife kendi kavramlarımızla jeopolitik teorimizi ortaya koymak ve geliştirmek olmalıdır. Burada kastedilen sadece Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin jeopolitiği anlamında değildir ve fakat Türk kavramı etrafında şekillenmiş özellikle üç kıtada mevcut olan Türklerin varlığını esas alan jeopolitik çerçeve ve teoridir.

Tonyukuk yazıtında, Güney Sibirya’daki 7 nehir ve 1 gölden bahsedilmektedir. Yazıtlarımız da nehir adlarına atfen adlandırılmışlardır; Yenisey, Orhun. İlk yazılı eserlerimizde söz konusu olan böylece su kuşağı coğrafyalarıdır. Türklerin yazıları ve yaşantıları nehir ortamları ile alakalıdır. Türk jeopolitiğinin Asya’daki sulak alanlar coğrafyaları araştırılmalıdır.

ATÜT vb.tarzlarda sağlı sollu ideolojik boş söylemlerde bulunanlar Türk Su Jeopolitiğinden bihaber olmaya devam ediyorlar.  Teo (siyasal islam) ile Jeo (coğrafya) çelişkisini aşamıyoruz. Halbuki Türk Jeopolitiği kıtalar tecrübesi ve ayak izlerine sahip olduğundan ötürü, küresel mahiyettedir.

İngilizler kuzey Amerika kıtasını, İspanyollar Güney Amerika kıtasını ve Ruslar da Asya’nın Sibirya topraklarını eşzamanlı olarak keşfetmişler ve bu coğrafyaları adlandırmışlar, jeo-politikalarının en değerli parçaları haline getirmişlerdir. Keşfedilenler ise aslında Asya’dan Amerikalara göç eden Sibirya Yakutistan’ın Türk&Turan halklarıdır.

Explore Istanbul 2025/2026: The Insider’s Handbook to Must-See Destination, Rich History and Culture, Off-the-Beaten-Path Adventures, Hidden Gems, Local Insights & Expert Tips

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2025: EXPLORING ISTANBUL'S TIMELESS CHARMS

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades

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Anılarımdan bir kare.
1975
Demirel bilge liderdi ama Tek Adam değildi.

Foto Saraçhane
Belediyeye nazır

Turkish Political Slogans on the Streets. Istanbul. 1975

Siyasi tarih açısından 1975 yılı, 12 Mart 1971 darbesi ile 12 Eylül 1980 darbesi arasındaki ara dönemdir. Askeri darbeler arasındaki dönemin ülke koşulları fotoğraflarla gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır.

DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2025: TRAVEL FARTHER, FEEL CLOSER TO NATURE, AND DISCOVER WHAT CONNECTS US

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Secret Istanbul ('Secret' guides)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: "Top Attractions, Local Eats, Travel Tips"

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Collins Turkish Phrasebook and Dictionary Gem Edition (Collins Gem)

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Turkey Travel and Exploration Guide - 2025: The Ultimate Traveler's Guide to Turkey from the Experiences of a Local Guide

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God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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21-11-24-14-YC

20-11-24-14-YC

19-11-24-14-YC

03-01-25-14-YC

02-01-25-14-YC

01-01-25-14-YC

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Turkey - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture

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Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Rick Steves Istanbul

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Lonely Planet Turkiye (Travel Guide)

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Tespitler:

• Jeo Politik: Kendimiz için kullanılmamaktadır, Atlantik güçlerinin karakol devletleri ( Yunanistan, İsrail) üzerinden JP gücümüz eritilmekte, işlevsiz hale getirilmektedir.
• Ekonomi Politik: Faiz ve dış borç sarmalı ( 200 yıl )
• Teo Politik: Siyasal İslam çıkmazı (1980 darbesinden itibaren) ve etrafımızdaki teopolitik güçler; İran (Şii Hilali), ABD-İsrail (Arzı Mevud Siyonizmi)
• Dil Politik: Dünya Dilimiz Türkçe maalesef politik bir güç olarak değerlendirilmemektedir.
• “Türkiye’de Türkçülüğü ırkçılık olarak gören ve “Türk” yerine “Türkiye” kelimesini tercih eden zihniyet, Suriye ve Irak’ta Türkmen kimliğini de yok saymaya devam ediyor.“ Teo-Politik, Şiilik ve Siyonizm olarak İran ve İsrail’in resmi politikası. Fakat Türkiye, siyasal islam teo politiği üzerinden tarihine yabancılaşıyor.

Kavramlar

Düşünce gücü, kelimeler üzerinden geliştirilecek olan kavramlar vasıtasıyla işlevsellik kazanmaktadır. Ne kadar çok sayıda kavramlarınız mevcut ise o derece düşünce gücünüz yüksek seviyelerde ilerlemekte ve hızlanmaktadır. Söz nasıl kelimeler ile anlam kazanmakta ise, düşünce de aynı şekilde kavramlar ile hayat bulmaktadır.

Sadece kelimelerle yetinmek, kavramlar açısından zayıf bir hazineye neden olurken, düşünce gücünü de ciddi şekilde köreltmektedir.

Felsefe de özellikle yeni kavramlar üretilmesi açısından önemli bir araçtır. Çünkü felsefe ile birlikte düşünce gücü yoğunluk kazanmaktadır.

Kavram sözlüğünüz ne kadar kapsamlı ve geniş ise düşünceleriniz ile çözümler bulmak kolaylaşacaktır. Ayrıca, yeni bilgiler, yeni kavramları da zorunlu kılmaktadır.

Politika ve politik kavramlarını ele alalım. Ekonomi, coğrafya, din konularında politik kavramı bu alanlara eşlik etmektedir; ekonomik politik, jeopolitik, teo politik tarzında.

DilPolitik Kavramı

Fakat dil konusunda, dile politik bir güç kazandırmak anlamında bir dilpolitik kavramı sözlüğümüzde bulunmamaktadır. O halde diyebiliyoruz ki zengin olan sadece coğrafyamız değildir, biz nasıl jeopolitik yönden güçlü bir ülke isek ki, dilimiz de o denli güçlüdür.

Çünkü, kavşak bir coğrafyaya, kıtaları birleştiren bir coğrafyaya yerleşmiş durumdayız, aynı şekilde son derece güçlü bir iletişim yeteneği bulunan dilimiz de aslında politik bir güç kazandıracaktır bizlere.

Bu manada, işte efendim Osmanlılar başka uluslara Türkçe dilimizi öğretmediler tarzında boş şikayetlerle zihnimizi yormaktansa, dilimizi uygun politikalar uygulamak suretiyle, İngilizlerin yaptığı gibi, dünya dili haline dönüştürmek, burada önemli bir vazife olarak gözükmektedir.

İngilizler ve Fransızlar dilleri üzerinden politik bir güç yaratmışlardır. Afrika’nın doğu kıyısında İngilizler, batı kıyılarında da Fransızlar, ayrıca Hindistan’da İngilizler, güneydoğu Asya’da ve Kanada’da Fransızlar, güney Amerika kıtasında İspanyollar ve Portekizliler, dil politik güçlerini kullanmışlardır.

Türkçe ise 18 dile sözcükler vererek o diller ile entegre olmuş ve çok geniş bir sahada, Avrupa, Asya, Afrika kıtalarının Balkanlar, Kafkasya, Kuzey Afrika, Mezopotamya, Türkistan ve Hindistan coğrafyalarında konuşulan bir dil olmasına karşın Türkçe üzerinden bir “dil politik güç” yaratılamamıştır ve halihazırda da üzerinde düşünülüp, tasarlanmamaktadır.

Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Rick Steves Istanbul

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Turkey - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2025: TRAVEL FARTHER, FEEL CLOSER TO NATURE, AND DISCOVER WHAT CONNECTS US

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025/2026: Sultanahmet, Beyoğlu: Shopping and Nightlife, Kadıköy, Balat and Fener, Markets and Shopping,Hagia Sophia,Must-See ... Galata Tower. (Best Travel Guides 2025)

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Smoke & Spice, Updated and Expanded 3rd Edition: Cooking With Smoke, the Real Way to Barbecue

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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Turkey Travel and Exploration Guide - 2025: The Ultimate Traveler's Guide to Turkey from the Experiences of a Local Guide

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Greater Than a Tourist: Izmir, Turkey: 50 Travel Tips from a Local

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Uygur Hikayesi. MS 1000

Türkistan Kenevirin Anavatanıdır

Istanbul Travel Guide 2025/2026: Sultanahmet, Beyoğlu: Shopping and Nightlife, Kadıköy, Balat and Fener, Markets and Shopping,Hagia Sophia,Must-See ... Galata Tower. (Best Travel Guides 2025)

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Rick Steves Istanbul

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Secret Istanbul ('Secret' guides)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025-2026: Discover Turkey's Vibrant Capital: Must-See Sights, Best Seasons to Visit, Local Eats, Where to Stay & Perfect Itineraries

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2025: EXPLORING ISTANBUL'S TIMELESS CHARMS

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Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook (Pocket Rough Guides)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook (Mini Rough Guides)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye (Travel Guide)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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Neither Here, Nor There: Travels in Europe (Bryson Book 11)

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Istanbul: Memories and the City

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Türkiye (Turkey): Mediterranean Coast Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3019)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Ana Kavramlar: Kenevir. Deniz. Osmanlı. Türkistan. Nehi.r Yol. Göl. Bozkır. Halat

KENEVİRİN KÖKEN COĞRAFYALARI: TÜRKİSTAN SU KUŞAĞI ve KENEVİRİN TÜRK DENİZCİLİĞİ AÇISINDAN ÖNEMİ

Kenevirin kökeni Orta Asya Türkistan’ı olup bu coğrafyadan kıtalara yayılmıştır. Bir kuzey bitkisi olan kenevir güneye (Hindistan), doğuya (Çin)  ve batıya (Akdeniz, Avrupa) Türkistan’dan yayılmıştır.  Her durumda, Orta Asya’nın Kenevirin birincil kökeni ve erken evrimi için açık ara en makul yeri sunduğuna inanıyoruz. De Candolle (1967), Kenevirin yalnızca Hazar Denizi’nin güneyinde, Sibirya’da İrtiş Nehri yakınlarında ve Baykal Gölü’nün ötesindeki Kırgız Çölü’nde “vahşi” olarak bulunduğunu belirtti; ayrıca ilk olarak Güney Sibirya’da yetiştirildiğini öne sürdü.

Kenevir “Hazar Denizi yakınlarındaki ılıman Asya bölgelerine, Güney Sibirya‘ya, Kırgız Çölü’ne ve İran’a özgüdür.” Kenevir’in doğal kökeni Orta Asya’da, muhtemelen Tanrı Dağları veya Altay Dağları’nın yüksek vadilerinde gerçekleşmiştir ve Kenevir’in ilk olmasa da çok erken kültürel uygulamaları erken Buzul Çağı sırasında aynı genel alanda gerçekleşmiştir. Kenevir, Orta Asya’da ortaya çıktıysa, Buzul Çağı buzulları ilerledikçe güneydoğuya doğru Doğu Asya’ya ve güneybatıya doğru Avrupa’ya yayılmak için ideal bir konumda bulunmakta idi..

Kenevirin evrimsel kökeni Avrasya’da bir yerlerde, büyük olasılıkla da Orta Asya’nın tayga veya bozkır ormanlarının güney sınırlarındaydı. Yerli kenevir popülasyonlarının bu bölgede, özellikle de tatlı suya yakın olan yerlerde bulunması, insanlarla ilk etkileşiminde etkin bir rol oynamıştır. Bu akuatik ortam; akarsular, nehirler, göller ile Orta Asya’da ‘tugia’ olarak bilinen, “nehir vadilerinde yetişkin ağaçlar, çalılıklar ve otlaklar içeren ekolojik topluluklardan” oluşuyordu. Bunlar “nehir vadilerinde olgun ormanlık alan, çalılık ve çayırlardan oluşan” sulak alanlarla ilişkili ekolojik topluluklardır (Dolukhanov 1986). Kenevirin, güneş seven ve azot bakımından zengin ortamlarda gelişen, insan kaynaklı çöp yığınları da buna dahil, bir bitki olduğunu biliyoruz. İnsanlar ve kenevir arasındaki bu yakın ilişki, erken dönemde yetiştirilmeye başlanması ve zamanla nihayetinde kültürleştirilmesine önayak olmuştur.[1]

Diğer yandan Su Yolları boyutu ise özellikle Yenisey, İrtiş, Selenga, Orhun, Seyhun, Ceyhun nehirleri ile Aral gölü, Baykal gölü ve Balkaş gölü üzerindeki su kaynaklarına dayalı olarak yapılan faaliyetlerdi. İşte burada karşımıza kenevir bitkisi çıkmaktadır. Kenevir, sulak alanlarda yetişen bir bitkidir ve kökeni Türkistan‘daki sulak alanlardır.

Türkler keneviri, hem giyim kuşam üretimlerinde kullanmışlar hem de halat, yelken bezi gibi denizcilerin ana malzemeleri için kenevire başvurmuşlar ve akabinde Akdeniz kıyılarına geldiklerinde bu malzeme sayesinde Akdeniz’in bir numaralı deniz gücü haline gelmişlerdir.

Çünkü, kenevir, yelken bezi ve son derece dayanıklı halat yapımında kullanılmaktadır ki halat da denizcilikte çok temel bir unsurdur. Böylelikle bozkır ve su kültürünün sentezi olarak, bozkıra dayalı yönler Türklerin bozkırlar meralar boyunca sürekli olarak aktif olmalarını, yola koyulmalarını, Sarı Nehir boylarından Tuna Nehri boylarına kadar her yüzyılda bir yaptıkları seferlerle, aile göçleri ile İran, Avrupa, Afrika ve Anadolu içlerine ulaşmalarını sağlamış, jeopolitik boyut bu şekilde değişim göstermiştir.

Harita: Sarı Nehir’den Mavi Tuna’ya Kenevir Yolu [2]

İpek Yolu, Çin tasarımıdır. Özellikle Macaristan’da ve Kazakistan’da çok sayıda yer adı mevcuttur. Türkiye’nin, kenevir yolu kavramını gündemine alarak bu konuda İpek Yolu’na alternatif şekilde, kendi kültür ve medeniyetine ait olan bir yol güzergâhını gündeme getirmesi önem taşımaktadır. Kendir-Kenevir Yolu ise Türkistan ataların yoludur. Kenevirin, adını Asya ile Avrupa arasındaki transit yola veren ipek materyalinden çok daha fazla ve fonksiyonel bir kullanımı mevcuttur. Bundan ötürü, Kazakistan’dan başlayıp Macaristan’a kadar olan 25 ülkede kenevir ile bağlantılı yer adlarına rastlanmaktadır ve bu ülkeler Asya, Avrupa, Afrika kıtalarını dağılmışlardır.

OSMANLI DÖNEMİNDE GEMİ SANAYİİNDE KENEVİRİN GELİŞİMİ&ÜRETİM MERKEZLERİ

MÖ 3000’li yıllarda dokumacılıkta kullanılan ana lif kaynakları (Kenevir, Keten, Pamuk, İpek, Yün) haritasında Çin’in Sarı Nehir coğrafyasından başlamak üzere Türkistan ve Karadeniz kuzeyi, kenevir bölgeleri olarak gözükmektedir.

Harita: Dokumacılıkta kullanılan ana lif kaynakları MÖ 3000

Kaynak: Elizabeth Barher, Prehistoric Textiles

Büyük Asya’da Hunlar’dan başlayarak giyim kuşam için ekilip biçilen kenevir, Osmanlılar ile birlikte Küçük Asya’da özellikle Karadeniz bölgesinde olmak üzere bilhassa stratejik bir ürün vasfı kazanmış, savaş ekonomisinin olmazsa olmazı haline gelmiştir. 19.yüzyılda Batı ile savaşın gereği üretimi zirvelere çıkan kenevir, 20.yüzyıl ortalarına doğru Batı’nın baskıları neticesinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde üretimi yasak bir ürün haline gelmiştir. 

Kenevir (kendir) aynı zamanda kendimizdir, kendimiz olma mücadelesidir aslında. Her iki mücadele de birbiri ile iç içedir. 19.yüzyıl Merkantilizm çağında Balta Limanı Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması ile çökertilen Osmanlı Sanayii İngiliz Kumaşının, 2.Dünya Savaşı sonrası ABD ile olan anlaşmalar ise Amerikan Bezinin önünü açmış ve Trabzon Bezi, Rize bezi ile birlikte yok olma sürecine girmiştir.

Osmanlı topraklarında çıkan petrol ve yetiştirilen pamuk ele geçirilerek üretilen ve yerli acenteler ile ülkemize girişi yapılan ithal ürünler manivela olarak kullanılarak günümüze gelindiğinde ise kendimiz ile hesaplaşma sürecine girilmiştir.

21.yüzyıl başlarında hızlanmaya başlayan bu süreçte ortaya çıkmaya başlayan geçmişte kalan arşiv belgeleri de incelenerek kenevirin şaşmaz tanıklığı ortaya konulabilecektir.

Hun, Uygur ve Osmanlı atalarından miras kenevir, kendimiz olma sürecinin mihenk taşıdır da. Mirasın gereği ise, binlerce yılın baş tacı kültürümüzün yeniden değerlendirilerek daha da güçlendirilerek yaşatılmasını sağlamaktır.

Savaş zamanının ansızın doğan stratejik mal ihtiyaçları (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu): Yelken Bezi, Barut, Demir, Bakır, Kereste, Zift, Kenevir. Osmanlı gemi üretiminin önemli hammaddelerinden birisi kenevir ürünleriydi. 1899 yılı istatistiklerine göre İmparatorlukta en çok kenevir ekimi yapılan araziler Kastamonu vilayeti, Hüdavendigar, Suriye vilayeti, Edirne vilayeti, Manastır vilayeti, Çatalca sancağı, Adana vilayeti, Biga sancağında bulunmakta idi. [3]

Çarşamba’dan Fatsa’ya kadar olan bölgede yetişen ve ticaretin konusu olan diğer bir üretim tarzı kenevir yetiştiriciliğidir. Kenevir üretimi, Osmanlıların bölgeye gelişlerinden az sonra başlayan ve 19. asra kadar ehemmiyetini aralıksız devam ettiren ve hatta İmparatorluğun sonuna kadar ekim ve dikimi yapılan bir öneme sahipti. Yaygın kanaatte Osmanlı klasik dönemi olarak bilinen 15.-17. asırlar arasında gelişmiş Osmanlı gemi üretiminin önemli hammaddelerinden birisi kenevir ürünleriydi. Evliya Çelebi’nin de ifade ettiği gibi Canik sancağındaki kenevir üretimi dünyaya yetecek kadar fazlaydı. Bu nedenle kenevir üretimi, askeri ve stratejik bir öneme sahipti. Çünkü bu dönemde Osmanlı devleti dünya çapında bir deniz gücüne sahipti ve ülkenin değişik sahillerinde çok sayıda tersanelerde gemi üretimi yapılıyordu.

Karadeniz’in Anadolu sahillerinde bile Sinop’tan başlayarak Samsun, Çarşamba, Ünye ve Fatsa’nın da içinde olduğu Canik sancağı ve Trabzon’a doğru değişik limanlarda küçük, orta ve büyük tonajlarda askeri ve ticari gemiler üretiliyordu. Canik sancağında üretilen kenevirler, hasadın yapılacağı zamanlarda İstanbul’dan görevli olarak gelen “kenevir mubayaacıları” tarafından “miri fiyatla” satın alınıyor ve en yakın limanlara sevki yapılarak, buradan gemilerle İstanbul tersanelerine veya hangi tersane ihtiyacı için alınıyorsa oraya naklediliyordu. [4]

Bir sınai-kültür bitkisi olan kenevir, özellikle tekstil sanayii, ilaç ve yemeklik yağ üretimi için kullanılmaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti döneminde XVI. yüzyılda genellikle gemi sanayinde sarf edilmekte, toprak ve ikliminin uygun olması dolayısıyla da daha çok Karadeniz bölgesinde ekilmekteydi. Bez, halat, sicim urgan vs. yapımında halkın kendi ihtiyaçları için kullandığı bu bitkinin Osmanlı arşiv kayıtlarında kenevir-keten/kettân şeklinde geçtiği de görülmektedir.

Samsun’a bağlı Çarşamba, Terme ve Fatsa ekim alanları “ocaklık” olarak doğrudan Tersâne-i Âmire’ye bağlı olup her yıl ortaya çıkan ihtiyaç açığının ise Kenevir Emini vasıtasıyla Kastamonu’dan Rize’ye kadar olan ekim bölgelerinden karşılandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Alımlarda kalite esasına dikkat edilmekte olup, çalışanlarında aranan özellikler ve yaptıkları işle ilgili hukuki statüleri açık hükümlere bağlanmıştır. Ayrıca kayıtlarda her bölgenin ortalama yıllık üretim miktarı ile birim fiyatları düzenli olarak tutulmuştur. [5]

19. yy’ da batıdaki sanayi devrimi Osmanlı Türkiye’sinden ileri olsa bile kendi ülkesinin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak ve dışa bağımlı olmamak için Kenevir-Kenevir-Halat-İp ve Sicim gibi denizcilikte ve tarımda temel ihtiyaç aletlerinden olan ürünlerin üretimi ve tüketimi önemli yer tutmaktadır. [6] Osmanlı coğrafyasının her tarafında kenevirüretilmiştir ve özellikle savaş zamanlarında da üretimi üst düzeyde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karadeniz bu konuda stratejik bir bölgedir. Hayati fonksiyonlar gören bir malzeme olmasından ötürü ticareti de önem taşımaktadır.

SAMSUN

1645 Yılında Samsun’u ziyaret eden Evliya Çelebi Samsun hakkında şunları yazmıştır.  “Canik toprağında voyvodalıktır. Emanettir 150 Akçalı kazandır. Yeni çeri serdarı, kethüdası, kale dizdarı ve neferleri vardır. Halkı tümüyle gemici ve kenevirci olup, avam takımı yoktur. Gemi palamarları için kenevir ipleri ise dünyaya yetecek kadar çoktur.”  [7] Kâtip Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgiye göre Samsun’dan 7000 kantar kenevir muayyen olduğu belirtilmektedir. (Çelebi, 1329, s. 155) Evliya Çelebi de Samsun’u anlatırken: “Gemi palamarları için kenevir ipleri bütün dünyaya buradan gidecek kadar çoktur” (Evliya, 1314, s. 78) der. [8]

GELİBOLU

Yelken İhracı:  Marmara Bölgesi’nde Gelibolu’ da kenevirden üretilen kumaş yelkenler tüm Avrupa’ya ihraç ediliyordu. Osmanlı Karasularından geçen tüm yelkenli gemiler Gelibolu Yelkeni almadan gitmiyorlardı. Osmanlı Dönemi’nde üretilen yelken, Karadeniz Bölgesinde Kenevir, Kenevir, Halat, İp, Sicim, İplik Üretimi bezleri tüm dünyaya ihraç ediliyordu. Osmanlı devletinde Denizcilik ve Tarım çok gelişmişti. [9]

 S O N U Ç

1. Atatürk, 1935 yılında “Dil, Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesini” bizzat kendi isimlendirmesi ile kurdurarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti için üçboyutlu zihin, zaman, zemin düzeneğinde çok önemli bir hedef tespitinde bulunmuştur. Devletin ve geleceğimizin temellerini bu üç kavramda bulmaktayız: Dil, tarih, coğrafya. Türk kavramının kökü, kökeni Türkistan’da yatmaktadır. Türkistan‘a düşmanlarımız tarafından yapılan adlandırma ile Orta Asya olarak yaklaşmakla ne denli hata ettiğimiz ortadadır.
2. Türkler, Türkistan coğrafyalarındaki yaşantıları boyunca iki farklı coğrafya unsurlarını kendilerine kanat edinmişler ve batıya doğru akınlarını hep bu kanatlar üzerinden gerçekleştirmişlerdir; Bozkır ve Su Yolları. Bozkır boyutu, otlak alanlar, küçükbaş hayvancılığı ve buna dayalı deri, tekstil gibi giyim kuşam ve süt, peynir gibi beslenme tarzı ürünleri ile anlam buluyordu.
3. Geldiğimiz 2025 yılı itibari ile ise geçmişte kalan hatıraların geleceğe yönelik yorumlanması neticesinde, bozkır kültürünün sonucu olarak, tabanda halk kitleleri nezdinde sahip olduğumuz dinamizmi stratejik doğru yönlendirmeler neticesinde, devlet düzeyinde uygun kanallara aktararak yeniden büyük bir güç haline, özellikle de deniz gücü haline gelmemiz konusu, son derece önem taşımaktadır.
4. Tersanelerimizin Osmanlı zamanında ana girdisi olan bu ürün, aslında denizciliğimizin ve  gemiciliğimizin nehirler ve göller boyutunda Türkistan’da ne denli ileri bir aşamaya geldiğinin de kanıtıdır. Daha sonra bu boyut Hazar ve  Karadeniz üzerinden Akdeniz’e taşınmış ve zamanın en büyük deniz güçlerinden biri haline gelmişiz.  Bu durumda, edindiğimiz yeni bilgiler kapsamında zihnimize ezberletilen yanlış dogmaları yıkıp, denizciliğimizdeki Türkistan boyutunu göz önüne alarak,  21. yüzyıl imkânlarıyla okyanuslara açılan bir denizciliği yeniden inşa etmeliyiz.
5. ABD başkanı Trump‘ın göreve gelmeden önce Kanada, Gröndland’tan bahsetmesi gündeminin bir numaralı maddesinin Kuzey Buz Denizi olduğunun göstergesidir.
6. 1081 yılında Türkiye coğrafyasında denizciliğimizi başlatan sığ anlayışın, önyargı ve kalıpların terkedilerek Türkistan Su Kuşağı (Karadeniz, Hazar Denizi, İdil, Seyhun, Ceyhun, Yenisey, İrtiş, Selenga, Orhun nehirleri ile Aral gölü, Baykal gölü ve Balkaş gölü kıyıları) denizciliğimizin, A’dan Z’ye bilimler kapsamında incelenmesi, 21. Yüzyılın ilk çeyreği biterken daha da hızlanacağı netleşen çok kutuplu dengede, Atatürk tarafından Türkiye Cumhuriyetine gösterilen “Dil, Tarih ve Coğrafya” hedefinin,  günümüz okyanuslar jeopolitiğine uygun bir gereğidir. Türkistan coğrafyasında kenevirin kendir halatı ve yelken bezi olarak üretilmesi konusundaki arkeolojik incelemeler konusu araştırılmalıdır. Türkistan bir kültür Akdeniz’idir. Kandahar, Fergana, Horasan, Uygur vaha kentleri. Türkistan ülkelerinde (Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Özbekistan, Türkmenistan, Kırgızistan, Afganistan) kendir kültürümüz ile ilgili araştırma ve incelemeler yapılmalıdır.
7. Türkler, coğrafyalarının sunduğu su boyutu ve kenevir bitkisinin işlenerek halat ve yelken bezine dönüştürülmesi sayesinde, nehir ve göllerde başlattıkları denizciliği başlangıç olarak nehirler ve göllerde, ardından da Hazar Denizi, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz, Kızıldeniz ve Basra Körfezi boyutlarına çıkartarak, yüzyıllar boyunca devasa bir deniz gücü haline gelmişlerdi.
8. Kara güzergahı üzerinden Türkistan bozkır kuşağını aşarak Çin’den Avrupa’nın içlerine Sarı Nehir-Mavi Tuna terminalleri arası Kenevir Yolu şeklinde bir gelişim kıtaların birleştirilmesinde yeni bir güzergah olarak önem kazanmaktadır. Denizciliğimizi de doğuda Türkistan’a doğru genişletebilir isek, kök coğrafyamızdaki “Su Kuşağı” üzerinden, kuzey istikametinde Buz Denizine, güney istikametinde Hint Okyanusuna ve daha da doğuda Pasifik Okyanusuna erişimimiz kolaylaşacaktır. Çift çekirdekli (Türkiye ve Türkistan) jeopolitiğimizi eşzamanlı “Türk Pusulası” olarak işlevsel kılmayı ümid ederek.
9. KENEVİRİN DENİZCİLİKTE İLK OLARAK KULLANIMINI TÜRKİSTAN SU KUŞAĞINDA BAŞLATAN VE NETİCE OLARAK 11.YÜZYILDAN İTİBAREN ÜÇ KITANIN KAVŞAĞINDA BEŞ DENİZ BÖLGESİNE YERLEŞEN TÜRKLER, ZAMANLAR VE ZEMİNLERİN SENTEZLEDİĞİ BU MUAZZAM BİRİKİM NETİCESİNDE, 21.YÜZYIL İLE BİRLİKTE DE OKYANUSLARA YÖNELEREK KÜRESEL BİR DENİZ GÜCÜ HALİNE GELECEKLERDİR.
10. ANADOLU’DA GÖBEKLİTEPE NEOLİTİĞİ İLE BAŞLAYAN 12,000 YILLIK TARİHİMİZİN ZAMAN BOYUTUNU, KARALARDA 1071 ÖNCESİNE VE DENİZLERDE 1081’DEN ÖTEYE GÖTÜREMEYEN SORUNLU VE KISITLI BAKIŞ AÇIMIZA KARŞIN, ANAVATANI TÜRKİSTAN OLAN VE 14,000 YIL ÖNCE EVCİLLEŞTİRİLEN KENEVİR ÜRÜNÜ HAKKINDAKİ YENİ BİLGİ VE BULGULAR BİZLERİ DENİZCİLİK HEDEFLERİMİZDE YEPYENİ STRATEJİLERE YÖNLENDİRECEKTİR.

Harita: Kenevir: Bir bitkinin dünyaya nasıl yayıldığı.

https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/7j6zpi/marijuana_cannabis_how_one_plant_spread_through/

Dipnotlar

[1] Cannabis Evolution and Ethnobotany. Aug 2016 Robert C Clarke(Author), Mark D Merlin(Author).  434 pages, 98 colour photos and colour & b/w illustrations, 15 tables)

[2] Barber, Elizabeth Wayland The Mummies of Urumchi Paperback – April 17, 2000, W.W. Norton Company, New York
http://leventagaoglu.blogspot.com/2018/08/tonyukuk-ve-yun-zhong.html

[3] Prof. Tevfik Güran, Osmanlı Devletinin İlk İstatistik Yıllığı 1897.  Tarihi İstatistikler Dizisi Cilt 5. Hazırlayan Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü.  Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü Matbaası – Ankara, Temmuz 1997 . ss. 147.156

[4] Osman Köse, XVIII. Yüzyılda Çarşamba (Canik) Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. Cilt: 4 Sayı: 19. Güz 2011 Fall 2011 http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt4/sayi19_pdf/2_tarih_uluslararasi/kose_osman.pdf)[4]

[5] Mehmet Taştemir,  Karadeniz bölgesinde kenevir-keten üretimi ve kullanım alanları. XV. yüzyıl sonu XVII. yüzyıl ilk yarısı.

[6] Mustafa Bozdemir (2011), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Endüstriyel Mirasımız. İstanbul Ticaret Odası, 2011. İstanbul

[7] Gezginlerin Gözünden Samsun – Samsun İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü    http://www.Samsunkulturturizm.gov.tr/TR-59624/gezginlerin-gozunden-Samsun.html

[8] Nevzat Sağlam Dr. Tersâne Âmire Açısından Terme’nin Önemi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi Cilt / 7, Sayı: 1, 2018 Sayfa: 454-480 [24-02-2018] – [03-04-2018]  http://www.itobiad.com/download/article-file/452394

[9] Mustafa Bozdemir (2011), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Endüstriyel Mirasımız. İstanbul Ticaret Odası, 2011. İstanbul

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Perhaps soon after Holocene warming began about 12,000 years ago, or later during the advent of agriculture, it was spread across Eurasia by humans. In any case, we believe Central Asia offers by far the most plausible location for the primary origin and early evolution of Cannabis. De Candolle (1967) stated that Cannabis occurs “wild” only south of the Caspian Sea, in Siberia near the Irtysch River, and in the Khirgiz Desert beyond Lake Baikal; he also suggested that it was first cultivated in southern Siberia.

However, Vavilov considered Cannabis to be a native crop that originated in Central Asia.

Vavilov characterized wild and weedy Cannabis populations from Chinese Turkestan and northern Central Asia (1931) as “shattering forms with a horseshoe at the base of the fruit, with seeds of different size, up to the dimensions of the cultivated large-seeded forms.”

Cannabis “to be indigenous to the temperate parts of Asia near the Caspian sea, southern Siberia, the Kirghiz Desert and Persia.” The natural origin of Cannabis took place in Central Asia, possibly in the upland valleys of the Tian Shan or Altai Mountains and that very early, if not the first, cultural applications of Cannabis took place in this same general area during the early Pleistocene. If Cannabis originated in Central Asia, it would have been ideally situated for diffusion south-eastward into eastern Asia and southwestward into Europe as Pleistocene ice sheets advanced.

The actual use of Cannabis

Recent studies indicate that anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens or AMHs) dispersed from northeastern Africa about 60,000 BP and then began their spread across Eurasia and eventually the entire world. AMHs first reached Southeast Asia by about 45,000 years ago, Central Asia around 40,000 years ago, and Europe by 30,000 to 35,000 years ago (Carmichael 2007; also see Wells 2002; Stix 2008; Finlayson 2009; and Armitage et al. 2011).

According to human genetic evidence initial dispersal into Eurasia spread north into Central Asia before moving eastward into East Asia and westward into Europe. This vast human dispersal entered Central Asia via the southwestern Asian corridor, “a wide geographical area that extends from Anatolia and the trans-Caucasus area through the Iranian plateau to the Indo-Gangetic plains of Pakistan and northwestern India.” Today this region consists of “a patchwork of different physical anthropology types with complex boundaries and gradients and by the coexistence of several language families (e.g., Indo-European, Turkic, and Sino-Tibetan) as well as relict linguistic outliers” (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004).

In any case, it appeared clear “that an ancient M45-containing population living in Central Asia was the source of much modern European and Native American Y-chromosome diversity” and that “the pattern of Y-chromosome diversity indicates strongly that Central Asia has played a critical role in human history” (Wells et al. 2001).

In any case, it is clear that Central Asia was a major corridor for human movement and the associated expansions of certain plants and animals. Assuming that Cannabis has long been a native of Central Asia, at least well back into the Pleistocene, humans probably began their longterm association with it somewhere within this huge region, utilizing one of more of its natural products. Human-related dispersals and subsequent range expansion of Cannabis is described in more detail later. Even though evidence indicates human occupation in Central Asia was scattered sparsely over an enormous area, within a number of areas in this huge region, “settlement was continuous from the Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene” (Madeyska 1990; also see Bolikhovskaya et al. 2006; Agadjanian and Serdyuk 2005; Agadjanian 2006).

If humans first discovered Cannabis during early hunting and gathering forays into Central Asia, where the assumed natural origins of this genus are to be found, they could have carried the putative ancestors of modern Cannabis taxa to glacial refugia in both Europe and southern East Asia. Thus it is possible that even 30,000 years ago or more Cannabis’s biogeographical range and botanical evolution was already affected by human intervention, and this may have led to subsequent speciation (see Chapters 2 and 12 for discussions of the evolution of Cannabis species).

Thus we assume that geographical diffusion of Cannabis from its probable center of species formation in Central Asia was to a large extent aided by human agency, both knowingly and unknowingly, over time. This could have included wandering nomads, friendly or militant migrants, traders on land and inland waterways, fleeing victims of natural and cultural calamities, and common or elite travelers.

Early Relationships among Humans and Cannabis in Central Asia: It is known to archeologists that Central Asia was an important center for the transmission of new discoveries and religious ideas from prehistoric times onwards. The hemp plant, being of major technological importance as a fibre [sic] and being one of the most influential psychoactive plants in human culture was most likely a key trade item from a very early date. (RUDGLEY 1998)

The evolutionary origin of Cannabis was somewhere in Eurasia, probably in Central Asia in the southern margins of the taiga or forest steppe regions (see Chapter 3). This location effectively put native Cannabis populations in position for early relationships with humans, especially in areas located near fresh water. These aquatic environments included streams, rivers, lakes, and other wetlands and possibly open areas associated with environments known as tugia in Central Asia, which are ecological communities associated with wetlands “consisting of mature woodland, thicket and meadow in river valleys” (Dolukhanov 1986).

We know that Cannabis is a sun-loving plant that thrives in open, nitrogen-rich environments, including rubbish piles created by humans (Anderson 1967; Merlin 1972). Close associations between humans and Cannabis stimulated its early cultivation, and over time this eventually led to its domestication.

Consequently, in a recent trend, numerous scholars are focusing on regions east of Europe: “In fact, Russian archaeologists have recently turned up evidence in the Altai Mountain regions of Siberia as well as Central Asia of the early arrival of modern technologies as well—some time before 45,000 years ago” (Adovasio et al. 2007).

However, this early date precedes the proposed dispersal of AMHs into Central Asia around 40,000 years ago determined by human genetic analyses. It is in Central Asia, perhaps in the Altai Mountains that humans first encountered and eventually started using wild Cannabis in or near their early temporary settlements. Cannabis can be referred to as a “habitation weed” favored by high nutritive conditions in the soil that developed around these settlements, which to a large degree were unconsciously augmented by human waste and rubbish as well as manure from domesticated animals.

Hawkes (1969) refers to Sinskaja (1925), who studied Cannabis firsthand and observed “that weed hemp, just as cultivated hemp, required a very richly fertilized soil and that it was always to be found around the camps of the nomads in the Altai where the soil had been enriched by cattle during the winter, as well as in kitchen gardens and in rubbish heaps.” Sinskaja focused on the broad diversity of spontaneous hemp, “which followed man’s wanderings through the Old World,” and hypothesized that people selected among this diversity during famine times for “forms with less shattering fruits and higher oil content.”

Sinskaja (1925, as quoted by Vavilov 1926) referred specifically to her observations in the Altai region, where “one could see all the details of hemp cultivation,” and suggested four stages of a developing human-Cannabis relationship: “(1) The plant occurred only in the wild. (2) It spread from its original wild [centers] to populated places. (3) Hemp then began to be [utilized] by the population. (4) It was finally cultivated.”

In the discussion that follows, we look at some possible associations between Cannabis and humans during the Upper Paleolithic. “To some extent, the history of Eurasia as a whole from its beginnings to the present day can be viewed as the successive movements of Central Eurasians and Central Eurasian cultures into the periphery and of peripheral peoples and their cultures into Central Eurasia” (Beckwith 2009).

Although Cannabis was most likely distributed naturally and/or as a cultivated crop across parts of Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia for millennia prior to the beginning of the Metal Age (ca. 4,000 BP), intensive cultivation and use of Cannabis by settled cultures likely began around this time.

HEMP, HUMANS, AND HORSES IN EURASIA

Most importantly, Central Asia served as a setting for crucial communication routes and trade networks that eventually connected the civilization centers of Europe, the Near East, and the Far East. By the time of the Bronze Age, the vast and relatively homogeneous steppe region stretching across much of Eurasia with its numerous nomadic herding societies was facilitating crucial contact between more culturally advanced and settled cultures to the east and west.

Far from being only a “one-way corridor leading from west to east,” the Eurasian steppes served as a “bridge” across Central Asia, and following the opening of this long distance connection and the domestication of horses and their use for transportation, “the dynamics of historical development changed permanently, not just for the societies east of the Tian Shan [Mountains], but for all the peoples of Eurasia” (Anthony 1998).

However, we are not yet sure if during the early periods people were actually moving4 beyond their territories or whether only materials and technologies were being transferred. In any case, peoples in Central Asia were on the move, at least toward the southwest, migrating into what is now Turkey and other northern Mediterranean areas as new, high-ranking overlords spoke languages novel to these areas, and during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000 to 1600 BCE), these migrating people created a ripple effect to the south of them as the people they displaced southward in turn displaced others to the south of them, and so on, all the way into Egypt.

Once the use of horses for pulling loads of humans and their goods in wagons and carts began, this new transport system diffused quickly, some would say “explosively,” through Western Asia and Eastern Europe, as well as eastward into China. “By the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE horses were being used to pull chariots from as far afield as Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Eurasian steppe, and in China by the 14th century BCE” (Levine 2002; also see McGovern 1939).

This intensification of human migration, with its associated entourage of biota and trade goods, helped continue the spread of Cannabis and its uses farther and wider, even into many areas where the species could already be found, but in different forms put to different uses. Cannabis seeds were being spread with migrating peoples, perhaps both purposefully and unintentionally.

The dispersal of Cannabis as a cultivated crop and a camp-following weed, along with knowledge of its various uses, undoubtedly involved several Late Bronze Age peoples in Central Asia, especially those that utilized riverine environments to combine hunting, gathering, and fishing with agriculture. Examples include the Andronova culture, which covered a vast area of Central Asia during this period, and the Oxus Civilization, which flourished in the area drained by the Syr Darya and Amur Darya River systems.

SCYTHIANS AND CANNABIS

Archeological research at the ancient Astana-Karakhoja Tombs, now an underground museum located at Turpan in Western China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, has uncovered approximately 2,700 paper documents.

The technology of making paper using hemp fiber pulp also spread westward out of East Asia into Central Asia at least by the middle of the eighth century and possibly as early as the third century CE. Carter (1925) referred to paper produced in Turkestan dated from the third to eighth centuries that was made from the bast fiber of paper mulberry and hemp fiber extracted from rags (also see Bloom 2001).

Papermaking spread to the Indian subcontinent between about 800 and 900, and eventually the technology reached Europe in the late eleventh or early twelfth century. We assume that Cannabis fiber, in its raw form or in the rags of hemp clothing, was associated with most, if not all, of these early papermaking efforts.

Among the ideas that were spread far and wide was the use of hemp fiber and rags in the historically profound activity of papermaking.

However, the general origins of hashish may be traced through historical records to Central Asia, but precisely where or in which period is yet undetermined. All of Central Asia has been contested territory for millennia. Invaders and merchants from both East and West brought their cultural influences, various traditions, beliefs, and legends together, while leaving few written records.

Although presently we do not know when it started, there was significant trade in hashish (charas), at least in more modern times, from Central Asia to India, moving along innumerable trade routes and over high Himalayan passes to South Asia from the region formerly referred to as Chinese Turkestan (now known as Xinjiang, the “new frontier” province in Central Asia, e.g., see Watt 1889). In 1937 and 1938 this trade accounted for 42 percent of the total value of products being moved from Xinjiang to India (Lattimore 1950).

TURKEY

According to Balasa and Ortutay (1979), hemp cultivation and weaving were among the oldest culture traits of the Magyars, among whom “there can be little doubt that this domestic occupation, at least in part, belongs to the most ancient Hungarian crafts.” The hemp weaving culture of Hungary is much older than that associated with linen (flax), known in Hungarian as len, which “orginates from Slavic but its earlier significance in the Carpathian Basin cannot compare with that of hemp.” For example, the traditional national costume of Hungary was made of hemp cloth.

On the other hand, linguistic evidence seems to indicate a much more recent introduction of certain Cannabis uses. The Hungarian word for hemp is kender from the Turkish root word kenevir, which likely dates to Ottoman control of Hungary from the mid-sixteenth through late eighteenth centuries. How then could hemp weaving be such an old tradition and yet not have a name until the sixteenth century? Possibly the Turkish word supplanted an earlier Magyar term, or the history of Cannabis in Hungary may not be as old as some assert.

MEDITERRANEAN REGION

The geographical area where Cannabis initially appeared in the Mediterranean region is uncertain. This is largely due to the incomplete archaeobotanical record, which is problematic, especially as it applies to Cannabaceae pollen and remains of woven materials. In the case of woven remains, for example, an ancient piece of “hemp” fabric dated to approximately 2700 BP was recovered from a Phyrgian Kingdom grave mound site at Gordion, near Ankara in Turkey (Bellinger 1962; Godwin 1967b); however, the fiber source of this ancient artifact remains unverified.

It is generally believed that Cannabis originated and evolved naturally somewhere in Central Asia.

An ancient piece of “hemp” fabric dated to approximately 700 BCE was found in a Phyrgian Kingdom grave mound site at Gordion, near Ankara in Turkey (Godwin 1967b); however, whether or not this ancient artifact is in fact made of Cannabis remains unverified. In Greece, very old cloth fibers dated to ca. 500 BCE were found at Trakhones, in Attiki province. However, similar to the ancient cloth from Turkey, identification of these ancient Greek fibrous materials is not confirmed (Barber 1991).

During the Roman Empire, large amounts of hemp were utilized for a variety of purposes. Much of it was imported from Sura, a city in ancient Babylonia, as well as from ancient cities in Asia Minor such as Alabanda, Cyzicus, and Ephesus in present-day Turkey and Colchis in present-day Georgia that also served as “early major centers of hemp industries” (Frank 1959; see also Nelson 1996).

A recent report on human environmental change in ancient western Turkey at Bafa Gölü suggests that during the Roman period (first century BCE to fourth century CE) deforestation and extensive farming took place, with sediment cores revealing pollen grains of the “Humulus/Cannabis type that could be determined as Cannabis, therefore, cultivation of hemp is likely” (Knipping et al. 2008).

CHINA: Historical and Archeological Evidence for Cannabis Fiber Use in China

Russian crop plant geographer Nicholai Ivanovich Vavilov listed Cannabis as endemic to Central Asia and China (Vavilov 1949– 51). Was Cannabis one of the plants first cultivated in East Asia? Li (1975) not only asserted that “Cannabis is one of man’s oldest cultivated plants” but also suggests that it may have been among the first species planted intentionally in temperate areas of China:

SOURCE:  

• magicgreenery.com/…/i/…/Cannabis_Evolution&Ethnobotany_Clarke&Merlin2013.pdf
• Cannabis – Evolution and Ethnobotany – magic greenery
• magicgreenery.com/…/i/…/Cannabis_Evolution&Ethnobotany_Clarke&Merlin2013.pdf

By: Robert C Clarke(Author), Mark D Merlin(Author)

• https://www.nhbs.com/cannabis-evolution-and-ethnobotany-book

Publisher: University of California Press

• https://www.amazon.com/Cannabis-Evolution-Ethnobotany-Robert-Clarke/dp/0520270487
• https://www.google.com/search?q=Robert+Connell+Clarke&oq=Robert+Connell+Clarke&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyDggAEEUYExg5GOMCGIAEMgkIARAuGBMYgAQyCQgCEAAYExiABDIKCAMQABgTGBYYHjIKCAQQABgTGBYYHjIGCAUQRRg8MgYIBhBFGDwyBggHEEUYPNIBBzg0OGowajSoAgCwAgE&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
• https://www.facebook.com/RobertConnellClarke/
• [email protected]

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Sulak Alanlar

Atatürk, 1935 yılında dil, tarih ve coğrafya ( zihin, zaman, zemin) fakültesini bizzat kendi isimlendirmesi ile kurdurarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti için çok önemli bir hedef tespitinde bulunmuştur. Devletin ve geleceğimizin temellerini bu üç kavramda bulmaktayız: Dil, tarih, coğrafya.

Türk kavramının kökü, kökeni Türkistan’da yatmaktadır. Türkistan‘a, düşmanlarımız tarafından yapılan adlandırma ile, Orta Asya olarak yaklaşmakta ne denli hata ettiğimiz ortadadır.

Türkler, Türkistan coğrafyalarındaki yaşantıları boyunca iki farklı coğrafya unsurlarını kendilerine kanat edinmişler ve batıya doğru akınlarını hep bu kanatlar üzerinden gerçekleştirmişlerdir; Bozkır ve su.

Bozkır boyutu, otlak alanlar, küçükbaş hayvancılığı ve buna dayalı deri, tekstil gibi giyim kuşam ve süt, peynir gibi beslenme tarzı ürünleri ile anlam buluyordu.

Diğer yandan ise Su boyutu ise özellikle Yenisey, İrtiş, Selenga, Orhun, Seyhun, Ceyhun nehirleri ile Aral gölü, Baykal gölü ve Balkaş gölü üzerindeki su kaynaklarına dayalı olarak yapılan faaliyetlerdi.

İşte burada karşımıza kendir, kenevir bitkisi çıkmaktadır. Kendir, sulak alanlarda yetişen bir bitkidir ve kökeni Türkistan‘daki sulak alanlardır. Türkler kendiri, hem giyim kuşam üretimlerinde kullanmışlar, hem de halat, yelken bezi gibi denizcilerin ana malzemeleri için kendire başvurmuşlar ve akabinde Akdeniz kıyılarına geldiklerinde bu malzeme sayesinde Akdeniz’in bir numaralı deniz gücü haline gelmişlerdir. Çünkü kendir, yelken bezi ve son derece dayanıklı halat yapımında kullanılmaktadır ki halat da denizcilikte çok temel bir unsurdur.

Böylelikle bozkır ve su kültürünün sentezi olarak bozkıra dayalı yönler Türklerin bozkırlar, meralar boyunca sürekli olarak aktif olmalarını, yola koyulmalarını, Sarı Nehir boylarından Tuna Nehri boylarına kadar her yüzyılda bir yaptıkları seferlerle, aile göçleri ile İran, Avrupa, Afrika ve Anadolu içlerine ulaşmalarını sağlamış, jeopolitik boyut bu şekilde değişim göstermiştir. 

Su boyutu ise sahip oldukları kendir malzemesi sayesinde nehir ve göllerde başlattıkları denizciliği başlangıç olarak Hazar Denizi, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz boyutuna, ardından da Kızıldeniz ve Basra Körfezi boyutlarına çıkarmalarına ve yüzyıllar boyunca devasa bir deniz gücü olmalarına neden olmuştu.

Geldiğimiz 2025 yılı itibari ile ise geçmişte kalan hatıraların geleceğe yönelik yorumlanması neticesinde, bozkır kültürünün sonucu olarak, tabanda halk kitleleri nezdinde sahip olduğumuz dinamizmi stratejik doğru yönlendirmeler neticesinde, devlet düzeyinde uygun kanallara aktararak yeniden büyük bir güç haline, özellikle de deniz gücü haline gelmemiz konusu, son derece önem taşımaktadır.

Tarihimizin zaman boyutunu, karalarda 1071 öncesine götüremeyen ve denizlerdeki zaman boyutunu da 1081’den öteye götüremeyen sorunlu ve kısıtlı bakış açımıza karşın, anavatanı Türkistan olan ve 6000 yıldan bu yana işlenen kenevir (kendir)  ürünü hakkındaki yeni bilgi ve  bulgular bizleri yepyeni stratejilere yönlendirmektedir.

Tersanelerimizin Osmanlı zamanında ana girdisi olan bu ürün, aslında denizciliğimizin ve  gemiciliğimizin nehirler ve göller boyutunda Türkistan’da ne denli ileri bir aşamaya geldiğinin de kanıtıdır.

Daha sonra bu boyut Hazar ve  Karadeniz üzerinden Akdeniz’e taşınmış ve zamanın en büyük deniz güçlerinden biri haline gelmişiz. Bu durumda, edindiğimiz yeni bilgiler kapsamında zihnimize ezberletilen yanlış dogmaları yıkıp, denizciliğimizdeki Türkistan boyutunu göz önüne alarak, 21. yüzyıl imkanlarıyla okyanuslara açılan bir denizciliği yeniden inşa etmeliyiz.

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Istanbul: An Islamic History Guide

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025/2026: Sultanahmet, Beyoğlu: Shopping and Nightlife, Kadıköy, Balat and Fener, Markets and Shopping,Hagia Sophia,Must-See ... Galata Tower. (Best Travel Guides 2025)

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Ankara Travel Guide 2025: The Ultimate Travel Companion for Unforgettable Adventures, Must-See Attractions, and Local Hidden Gems

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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DK Turkey (Travel Guide)

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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