by our Correspondent Irfan Benli

DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43569)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: Top Places to Visit, Things to Do, Exploring Neighborhood, Itineraries, Festivals and Events, Food and Drink, Shopping, ... History And Culture. (EXPLORE THE GLOBE)

(3853)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

(44528)

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

(485136)

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bodrum, & more (Travel Guide)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

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A Fez of the Heart: Travels around Turkey in Search of a Hat

(45577)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43569)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

(3859)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

(455126)

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The Turkish Cookbook

(475952)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

(46529)

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Üsküdar’daki yabancı okullar

Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: Discover Istanbul’s Top Attractions, Hidden Gems, Cultural Highlights, Timely Itineraries, and Budget-Friendly Hacks for Every Traveler

(4754)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

(465102)

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Laminated Istanbul Map by Borch (English) (English, Spanish, French, Italian and German Edition)

(41537)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

(43536)

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The Rough Guide to Turkey (Travel Guide with eBook) (Rough Guide Main Series)

(43575)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

(4554)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Istanbul (Eyewitness Travel Guides)

(475184)

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

(455219)

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Living in Istanbul

(38525)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

(46529)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

(4554)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

(3859)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

(4858)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

(43528)

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Bake Sale

(485109)

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A Fez of the Heart: Travels around Turkey in Search of a Hat

(45577)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

(485136)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

(44528)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

(45599)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

(46529)

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20.yüzyılın hemen başlarındaki ikinci onyılın 23 Nisan’ında  egemenlik Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tarafından halka emanet edilerek yeni bir milenyum başlatılmıştır.

Kutlu olsun!

Atatürk geçmişteki 1000 yıldan bahsediyor. Osmanlı dönemini aşan bir dönem yani hanedanlıklar dönemi, Karahanlılarla başlayan halkın hiçe sayıldığı 1000 yıl.

Bu çok enteresan halkın devleti diyor halkı öne koyuyor.

ATATÜRK’ÜN, YENİ (GÖREVE BAŞLAYAN BAKANLAR KURULU’NA, 30 EKİM 1923 AKŞAMI YAPTIĞI KONUŞMA)

Bakanlar Kurulu, akşam üzeri valilikte toplandı. Bu ilk toplantıda GAZİ PAŞA da bulundu. Hepsini tek tek kutladı.

“Efendiler! Yıkmaya çalıştığımız ortaçağın arkasında bin yıllık deney var. Bin türlü kirli oyun. CUMHURİYETİMİZ ise daha yeni doğmuş bir çocuk. Cumhuriyeti kolayca boğuverirler. Bu nedenle çok dikkatli, uyanık olun. İş arkadaşlarınızı özenle seçin.

*************************************

Birinci Milenyum ve Türkler (1-1000)

• Attila ö.453
• İlteriş Kağan ö.694
• Tonyukuk, 646-724;
• Bilge Kağan, 683-734;
• Kültigin, 684-731;
• Ebu Hanife, 699-767;
• Musa El Harezmi, 780-850;
• İmam Maturidi, 852-944;
• Farabi, 872-951 (Farabi ilk İslam filozofudur);
• El Biruni, 973-1048;
• İbni Sina, 980-1037;

İkinci Milenyum (1001-1999)

• Kaşgarlı Mahmud, 1008-1105;
• Yusuf Has Hacib, 1017-1077;
• Nizamülmülk, 1018-1092;
• Ömer Hayyam, 1048-1131;
• Gazzali, 1058-1111;
• Ahmet Yesevi, 1093-1166;
• Şeyh Edebali, 1206-1326;
• Mevlana, 1207-1273;
• Hacı Bektaşı Veli, 1209-1271;
• Yunus Emre, 1240-1321
• Uluğ Bey (1394-1449)
• Ali Kuşçu (1403-1474)
• Mimar Sinan (ö.1588)
• Katip Çelebi 1609-1657
• Evliya Çelebi (1611-1682)
• Ahmet Cevdet Paşa (1822-1895)
• Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873-1936)
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
• Fuad Köprülü (1890-1966)
• Hilmi Ziya Ülken (1901-1974)
• Nazım Hikmet (1902-1963)
• Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (1901-1962)
• Cahit Arf (1910-1997)
• Aydın Sayılı (1913-1993)
• Mübahat Küyel (1927-2022)
• Oktay Sinanoğlu (1935-2015)
• İhsan Fazlıoğlu (1966- )

Üçüncü Milenyum ve Türkler (2001-2999)

 

Türklerin Binyılı 3.BinYıl olarak tarihte yerini almaya hazırlanmaktadır. 

Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

(385130)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

(46529)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43569)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

(465102)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

(4554)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

(4858)

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Laminated Istanbul Map by Borch (English) (English, Spanish, French, Italian and German Edition)

(41537)

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The Turkish Cookbook

(475952)

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Istanbul Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures Through Ottoman Splendor, Byzantine Wonders, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

(41537)

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Living in Istanbul

(38525)

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The Turkish Cookbook

(475952)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

(43528)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43569)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

(45599)

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A Fez of the Heart: Travels around Turkey in Search of a Hat

(45577)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

(475491)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

(3859)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

(43536)

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

(46524)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Turkey (Eyewitness Travel Guides)

(465148)

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Bilge Tonyukuk Yazıtı’nın satırları arasında yer alan “devlet de devlet oldu, halk da halk oldu” cümlesi Çin esaretine karşı isyan hareketi ve bağımsızlık mücadelesinin sonucunda yazıtın son bölümlerine doğru yer alan bir tespittir.

Buradan çıkan açık anlam şu ki, demek ki devletin devlet olmadığı zamanlar, halkın da halk olmadığı zamanlar söz konusu olabiliyormuş. Türklerin tarihinde bu tarz dönemler çok sayıda yaşanmıştır ve halen de yaşanmaktadır.

Devlet Arapça bir kelimedir, Türkler ise devleti il olarak tanımlamaktadır. Türklerin anlayışında devlet ancak ilişkiler ve ilgi ile var olabilmektedir, iletişim ile sürdürülebilmektedir.

21. yüzyıla ülkemiz kavramların yerle yeksan edildiği bir ideolojik hareket ile başlamıştır, bu son derece talihsiz bir durumdur. Bu durumdan çıkılması açısından tek kişinin tek başına devleti temsil edemeyeceği, tek bir imza ile devletin yönetilemeyeceği, hükümetin hiçbir zaman devlet yerine geçemeyeceği, devletin kurumlar olmaksızın söz konusu olamayacağı, en büyük gerçeğin, Atatürk tarafından ifade edildiği gibi Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi yani halk olduğu günlere kavuşmamız açısından çözümler geliştirmemiz önem kazanmaktadır.

1850’li yıllardan itibaren borç batağına saplanmaya başlayan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu anlayışını değiştirmediği için 70 yıl içerisinde yıkılıp gitmişti, son dönemlerinde yedisinde neyse yetmişinde de o şekilde davranmıştı.

Hâlbuki savaş içerisinde parasızlıktan kıvırılan Türkiye, Atatürk’ün halkına müracaat ederek uyguladığı tekalifi milliye politikası neticesinde bir yıl içerisinde parasal yönden kendisini toparlayarak savaşı kazanmasını bilmişti. Daha sonraki dönemlerde de 1923-1939 yılları arası Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin cari fazla verdiği yegane yıllara tanıklık etmiştir.

O halde devletin restore edilmesi süreci içerisinde önemli olan yerel halk olarak kendi halkını aşağılamamak ve fakat halka dayanan politika ve stratejiler çerçevesinde özellikle ülkenin ekonomisini son derece güçlü kılmak, borç batağından çıkarmaktır.

Restorasyonun temelinde sağlam bir ekonomik bağımsızlık yatmaktadır. Kurumlar ve kanunlar ancak tam bağımsızlık ve egemenlik anlayışı çerçevesinde yeniden ihya edilebilecektir.

İlk Başbakan Bilge Tonyukuk’un veciz ifadesiyle devletin devlet olabilmesi için devlet adamlarına ihtiyaç vardır. Kendisinin diğer bir ifadesi ile “bizim gücümüz yüzde birdir”.

Evet Tonyukuk’dan 1300 yıl sonra da Türklerin temel göstergeler olan nüfus, yüzölçümü, milli gelir gücü dünyada yüzde birdir. Önemli olan söz konusu %1’in nasıl önüne bir sıfır eklenebileceğidir.

Tonyukuk bunu başarmıştı ve Çin’e karşı bağımsızlık hareketini başarıya ulaştırmıştı Çin’in sahil kesiminde yer alan 23 şehire seferler yapmış, stratejik ve anlayışla devleti ihya etmişti. Sürekli sahada ve savaş alanlarında idi.

Tonyukuk‘un ünvanı olan bilgelik Asya’daki Türk devletlerinin temel vasfı idi. O halde devletimizin de hem içeride hem de dışarıda bilge güç olarak temayüz edebilmesi için kanunların, halkın, ekonominin, iş hayatının, hukukun, dış dünya ile olan ilişkilerin bilge liderlik öncülüğünde bilge güç olarak halkın da katılımı ile birlikte, geniş bir perspektif ile yeniden tasarlanması önemlidir.

KHK’larla devlet yönetme geleneğine son verilmeli, parlamenter sisteme geçilmeli, Başbakanlık ve müsteşarlıklar tekrar ihya edilmelidir. Devlet bir şirket gibi değil fakat devlet gibi yönetilmeli, ülkede tüm hayati sektörlerde siyaset bazlı olarak oluşturulmuş beşer kişilik tekelci yapılanmalar sonlandırılmalıdır.

Portekiz’de 1.65 Avroya lokantada yenilen bir et yemeği Türkiye’de binlerce liradır.

Dövizin hayati öneminden ötürü ihracata özel bir acil servis yaklaşımı geliştirilmeli, ihracat faaliyetleri ve yurt dışı sahalarda bordo bereli zihniyetli kadrolar tarafından yerine getirilmelidir.

Türkiye’nin 175 yıldan buyana dış borç alan bir sistematiğe ilişkin oluşan kalıplar ve yapılar acil ihracat yaklaşım ve vizyonu ile yıkılmalıdır.

Cumhuriyeti içine sindiremeyen saltanat ve hanedan zihniyeti ülkemizde köklü bir ideolojidir ve fakat kendi tabirleri ile “yerel halk” olarak ifade ettikleri halk, bir yerel seçimde kendilerini yerle yeksan etmiştir.

2500 yıllık felsefe geleneğinde filozoflara sahip olan Yunanistan’da bir devlet kavramı söz konusu değildir, sadece şehir devletleri ile sınırlıdır, bundan ötürü de herhangi bir imparatorluk sahibi olamamışlardır.

Devlet kavrayışı Türkleri diğer halklardan ayıran ve öne çıkartan yaşamsal bir karakterdir.

Bizans İmparatorluğu olarak adlandırılan yapı aslında Roma’ya özgü bir yapıdır. Rum dediğimiz de Romalılardır.

Devletin yeniden restorasyonunda özgün bir yaklaşımla devlet kavramını binlerce yıldan buyana içselleştirmiş olmamız, yola çıkacağımız en önemli bir kaynaktır..

Istanbul: The Imperial City

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: Discover Istanbul’s Top Attractions, Hidden Gems, Cultural Highlights, Timely Itineraries, and Budget-Friendly Hacks for Every Traveler

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bodrum, & more (Travel Guide)

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Art and Architecture of Mimar Sinan: Self-Guided Walks Through Istanbul and Edirne (Masters of Architecture)

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Wonders of Istanbul: A Photo Collection of the City’s Most Beautiful Places to See – A Stunning Coffee Table Travel Photobook

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Bake Sale

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Turkey

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Yeniden birleşme ve nüfuz tesisi konularında Hong Kong ve Makau örnekleri yirminci yüzyılın sonlarında yaşanmış canlı örneklerdir. Tayvan da sırada beklemektedir.

Oldubittilerle imparatorluktan ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nden kopartılan bu vatan parçaları ile yeniden birleşilmesi için önemli olan, 21. yüzyıl uluslararası ilişkiler dünyasında tek bir gerçeklik olan güç kavramıdır.

1920’li yıllarda Yunanistan’ın nüfusu 6.5 milyon, Türkiye’nin nüfusu ise 13.5 milyon civarlarında iken 2024 yılı itibarıyla Türkiye’nin nüfusu 90 milyona yaklaşırken Yunanistan’ın nüfusu 10.5 milyon civarındadır, aradaki nüfus farkı, bir misli iken dokuz misline çıkmıştır. Nüfus gücün önemli değişkenlerinden bir tanesidir.

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, Hong Kong ile ilgili olarak İngiltere’den, 1984-1997 yılları arasında 14 yıl süren görüşmeler neticesinde kiraladığından çok daha fazlasını geri alabildiyse bunun arkasında yatan Çin’in kalkınmasının da motoru olan nüfus ve nüfuz gücüdür.

Bu, Türkiye açısından da izlenmesi gereken bir yoldur. Türkiye’nin yeniden birleşebileceği vatan toprakları Misak-ı Milli belgesinde detaylı olarak listelenmiş durumdadır. Adalar denizi, adalar meselesi ve Batı Trakya da bu kapsamda değerlendirilmelidir.

1913 yılında Batı Trakya‘da bir Cumhuriyet kurularak, gelecekte bu cumhuriyetin canlandırılması hedeflenmiştir. Aynı model Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin teşekkülünde de gözükmektedir. Bu parçaların hepsi daha sonra birleştirilecektir.

Nüfusunu çoğaltmak suretiyle Osmanlı döneminden de daha güçlü olma sinyalleri veren Türkiye, adalar denizi ve adalarla yeniden birleşme gündemini, aynı zamanda 110 yıl önceki Batı Trakya Türk Cumhuriyeti yapılanması ile de ilişkilendirmek durumundadır. BTTC, gelecek için fidelenmiş, tohumları ekilmiş ve uygun zamanını kollayan bir yapıdır.

31 Ağustos 1913 – 30 Ekim 1913 tarihleri arasında varlığını sürdürmüş olan Batı Trakya Türk Cumhuriyeti ise varlığını sonlandırmış gözükmektedir. Bu varlığın tekrar canlandırılması önemli bir stratejik aksiyon teşkil edecektir.

Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: Top Places to Visit, Things to Do, Exploring Neighborhood, Itineraries, Festivals and Events, Food and Drink, Shopping, ... History And Culture. (EXPLORE THE GLOBE)

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The Rough Guide to Turkey (Travel Guide with eBook) (Rough Guide Main Series)

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Turkish Awakening: A Personal Discovery of Modern Turkey

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Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bodrum, & more (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: A Collection of Beautiful Photos for Istanbul Lovers, Coffee Table Picture Book (Travel Photography)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Collins Turkish Phrasebook and Dictionary Gem Edition: Your Indispensable Guide to Speaking the Local Language While Travelling (Collins Gem)

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by BooksonTurkey correspondent Kuntay Özkan 

Golden Temple Amritsar Punjab India

Marriage Ceremony

Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Laminated Istanbul Map by Borch (English) (English, Spanish, French, Italian and German Edition)

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Berlitz Pocket Guide Turkey (Travel Guide eBook) (Berlitz Pocket Guides)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Wonders of Istanbul: A Photo Collection of the City’s Most Beautiful Places to See – A Stunning Coffee Table Travel Photobook

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The Rough Guide to Turkey (Travel Guide with eBook) (Rough Guide Main Series)

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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by BooksonTurkey correspondent Kuntay Özkan  

Living in Istanbul

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10.yüzyıldan 20.yüzyıla geçen Milenyum süresince Karahanlılardan başlayıp Osmanlılara kadar kesintisiz devam eden hanedan yönetimlerinde ataların kurduğu meclis ve kurultaylar ortadan kaldırılmış, halk sultanlara kul ve tebaa kılınarak egemenlikten yoksun bırakılmıştır.

20.yüzyılın hemen başlarındaki ikinci onyılın 23 Nisan’ında ise egemenlik Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tarafından halka emanet edilerek yeni bir milenyum başlatılmıştır.

Kutlu olsun!

Atatürk geçmişteki 1000 yıldan bahsediyor. Osmanlı dönemini aşan bir dönem yani hanedanlıklar dönemi, Karahanlılarla başlayan halkın hiçe sayıldığı 1000 yıl.

Bu çok enteresan halkın devleti diyor halkı öne koyuyor.

ATATÜRK’ÜN, YENİ (GÖREVE BAŞLAYAN BAKANLAR KURULU’NA, 30 EKİM 1923 AKŞAMI YAPTIĞI KONUŞMA)

Bakanlar Kurulu, akşam üzeri valilikte toplandı. Bu ilk toplantıda GAZİ PAŞA da bulundu. Hepsini tek tek kutladı.

“Efendiler! Yıkmaya çalıştığımız ortaçağın arkasında bin yıllık deney var. Bin türlü kirli oyun. CUMHURİYETİMİZ ise daha yeni doğmuş bir çocuk. Cumhuriyeti kolayca boğuverirler. Bu nedenle çok dikkatli, uyanık olun. İş arkadaşlarınızı özenle seçin.

İstanbul’dan gelen bazı memurları gördüm. Bir DEVRİM BAŞKENTİNE geldiklerinin farkında görünmüyorlar. Koca Osmanlı gemisi durup dururken batmadı. Bunlar gibi ilgisiz, tembel, heyecansız, küçük kafaların büyük sorumluluğu var. Kötü bir memur vatandaşı devletinden soğutur.”

İlkokulun zorunlu, eğitimin yükseköğretim bitene kadar parasız olması temel ilkemizdir. İsteyen herkesi, kız erkek ayırmadan okutacağız. Sağlık hizmetlerinin parasız olması da amacımızdır.

Halkın geçimini kolaylaştırmak, güven içinde yaşamasını da sağlamak zorundayız. Devlet halk için, halkın bu ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için var.
Bütçesi denk, borcuna sadık, parası sağlam bir devlet olmalıyız.
Devletimiz artık kesin olarak padişahın, bir ailenin devleti değil, HALKIN DEVLETİ. Hepimiz halkın hizmetindeyiz. Efendimizin, sahibimizin HALK olduğunu hiç unutmayacağız.

İdealimiz milli egemenliğe dayalı, uygar bir toplum ve devlet yaratmaktır. Hiçbir aşamada bu ideali gözden kaçırmayacağız.

Sorun çok. Hepsini çözmeye ömrümüz yetmez. Bizim yetişemediklerimizi yurtsever çocuklarımız tamamlar. Halkı saymak, aydınlatmak, eğitmek, sağlığını korumak, güven içinde yaşamasını sağlamak başlıca ilkemiz olacak.
Başarılar diliyorum.”

Atatürk devleti Türkiye Cumhuriyeti olarak, milleti de TBMM olarak teşkilatlandırmıştı.

Berlitz Pocket Guide Turkey (Travel Guide eBook) (Berlitz Pocket Guides)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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Turkey Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures through Rich History, Turkish Delights, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Blue Guide Istanbul: Sixth Edition (Travel Series)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Hegel’in Devlet Anlayışı ve Öngördüğü Devlet Modeli

Hegel nasıl bir devlet öngörmektedir

Hegel’in Devlet Anlayışı ve Öngördüğü Devlet Modeli
Hegel, 19. yüzyılın önde gelen Alman filozoflarından biridir ve felsefesi geniş bir yelpazeyi kapsar. Devlet teorisi de bu yelpazenin önemli bir parçasını oluşturur. Hegel’in devlet anlayışı karmaşık ve nüanslıdır, ancak temel unsurları şu şekilde özetlenebilir:

1. Devlet Aklın Gerçekleşmesidir: Hegel’e göre devlet, Mutlak Ruh’un (Mutlak Tin) somutlaşmış halidir. Mutlak Ruh, evrenin ve içindekilerin arkasındaki ilahi ilkedir. Devlet ise bu ilkenin insan dünyasında tezahür ettiği yerdir. Bu nedenle Hegel, devleti aklın gerçekleşmesi olarak görür. Devlet, aklın dünyayı düzenleme ve yönetme aracıdır.

2. Devlet Tarihin Sonudur: Hegel, tarihsel ilerlemenin diyalektik bir süreç olduğuna inanır. Bu süreçte, tezler ve antitezler çatışır ve bu çatışmadan sentezler doğar. Hegel’e göre devlet, bu diyalektik sürecin son aşamasıdır. Devlet, aklın tam olarak gerçekleştiği ve bireysel özgürlüğün toplumsal düzenle tam bir ahenk içinde olduğu bir toplumun somutlaşmış halidir.

3. Monarşi En Yüksek Devlet Formudur: Hegel, Prusya monarşisini ideal bir devlet modeline yakın görür. Ona göre monarşi, devletin birliğini ve istikrarını en iyi şekilde sağlayabilecek yönetim şeklidir. Monarşide kral, Mutlak Ruh’un yeryüzündeki temsilcisi olarak hareket eder ve devletin aklını temsil eder.

Hegel’in devlet anlayışı, birçok açıdan tartışmalı ve eleştiriye açıktır. Eleştirilerin bazı önemli noktaları şunlardır:

Bireysel Özgürlük: Hegel’in devlet anlayışı, bireysel özgürlüğe yeterince önem vermemekle eleştirilir. Devletin birey üzerinde mutlak bir güce sahip olması, bireysel özgürlüklerin sınırlandırılmasına yol açabilir.

Demokrasi: Hegel, demokrasiyi ideal bir devlet modeli olarak görmez. Ona göre demokrasi, çok fazla bireysel özgürlük ve katılım içerdiği için kaos ve istikrarsızlığa yol açabilir.

Tarihsel Determinizm: Hegel’in tarihsel ilerlemenin diyalektik bir süreç olduğuna dair inancı, tarihsel determinizm olarak yorumlanabilir. Bu yorumlamaya göre tarih önceden belirlenmiş bir şekilde ilerler ve insanın bu ilerleyişi değiştirme gücü yoktur.
Hegel’in devlet teorisi, günümüzde hala tartışılmaya ve yorumlanmaya devam etmektedir. Felsefe, siyaset bilimi ve tarih gibi alanlarda çalışan birçok kişi, Hegel’in fikirlerinden ilham almaktadır.

Hegel’in devlet anlayışı hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinmek için şu kaynaklara göz atabilirsiniz:

Hegel, Hukuk Felsefesi İlkeleri
Hegel, Tarih Felsefesi Dersleri
Wood, Allen W. Hegel’s Philosophy of Politics
Rosen, Stanley. Hegel’s Idealism: Science, Freedom, and History

Hegel devlet felsefesi ile Türk devlet felsefesi arasındaki benzerlikler ve farklılıklar nelerdir

Hegel Devlet Felsefesi ve Türk Devlet Felsefesi: Benzerlikler ve Farklılıklar
Hegel ve Türk devlet felsefeleri, her ikisi de güçlü ve merkezi bir devlet anlayışına sahip olmakla birlikte, önemli farklılıklar da gösterir.

Benzerlikler:

Güçlü ve Merkezi Devlet: Hem Hegel hem de Türk devlet felsefesi, toplumun refahı ve güvenliği için güçlü ve merkezi bir devlete ihtiyaç duyulduğunu savunur. Bu, her iki felsefede de devletin bireylerin üzerinde bir üstünlüğe sahip olduğu fikrini içerir.
Tarihsel Gelişim: Hem Hegel hem de Türk devlet felsefesi, tarihin diyalektik bir süreç olduğuna ve devletlerin zamanla evrimleştiğine inanır. Hegel için bu, ideal devlete (Prusya Krallığı’na) yol açan bir ilerlemeyi temsil ederken, Türk devlet felsefesi için bu, güçlü ve adil bir Türk devletinin kurulmasına dair bir arayışı temsil eder.
Ahlaki Rol: Hem Hegel hem de Türk devlet felsefesi, devletin ahlaki bir role sahip olduğuna inanır. Hegel için bu, devletin ahlaki yasaları uygulamak ve bireylerin ahlaki gelişimini teşvik etmek anlamına gelirken, Türk devlet felsefesi için bu, Türk milletinin değerlerini ve refahını korumak anlamına gelir.

Farklılıklar:

Devletin Amacı: Hegel için devletin amacı, bireylerin özgürlüğünü ve rasyonel potansiyellerini gerçekleştirmelerini sağlamaktır. Türk devlet felsefesi için ise devletin amacı, Türk milletinin birliğini ve refahını korumaktır.
Devlet ve Toplum İlişkisi: Hegel, devletin toplumdan daha yüksek bir varlık olduğuna inanır. Türk devlet felsefesi ise devletin toplumdan ayrılamaz bir parçası olduğuna inanır.
Bireysel Haklar: Hegel, bireysel haklara saygı duyulması gerektiğine inanır, ancak bu hakların devletin otoritesine tabi olduğunu savunur. Türk devlet felsefesi ise bireysel hakların devletin otoritesine tabi olduğunu ve devletin bu hakları korumakla yükümlü olduğunu savunur.

Sonuç:

Hegel ve Türk devlet felsefeleri, güçlü ve merkezi bir devlet anlayışında ortak olsa da, devletin amacı, devlet ve toplum ilişkisi ve bireysel haklar gibi konularda önemli farklılıklar gösterir. Bu farklılıklar, her iki felsefenin tarihsel ve kültürel bağlamlarından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Not: Bu, karmaşık bir konunun sadece kısa bir özetidir. Hegel ve Türk devlet felsefesi hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinmek için aşağıdaki kaynaklara göz atabilirsiniz:

Hegel Devlet Felsefesi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
Türk Devlet Felsefesi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_felsefesi

Türk devlet felsefesi alman idealizmine uygun bir sistem midir

Türk devlet felsefesinin Alman idealizmine uygun olup olmadığı karmaşık bir sorudur ve net bir cevabı yoktur. Her iki felsefe de güçlü ve merkezi bir devlet fikrini paylaşsa da, devlet ve toplum arasındaki ilişki, bireysel haklar ve devletin rolü gibi konularda önemli farklılıklar gösterir.

Benzerlikler:

Güçlü ve Merkezi Devlet: Hem Alman idealizmi hem de Türk devlet felsefesi, toplumun refahı ve güvenliği için güçlü ve merkezi bir devlete ihtiyaç duyulduğunu savunur. Bu, her iki felsefede de devletin bireylerin üzerinde bir üstünlüğe sahip olduğu fikrini içerir.

Organik Bütünlük: Hem Alman idealizmi hem de Türk devlet felsefesi, devleti bir organizma gibi organik bir bütün olarak görür. Bu, devletin farklı parçalarının bir araya gelerek bir bütün oluşturduğuna ve her bir parçanın bütünün iyiliği için çalışması gerektiğine inanıldığı anlamına gelir.

Ahlaki Rol: Hem Alman idealizmi hem de Türk devlet felsefesi, devletin ahlaki bir role sahip olduğuna inanır. Alman idealizmi için bu, devletin ahlaki yasaları uygulamak ve bireylerin ahlaki gelişimini teşvik etmek anlamına gelirken, Türk devlet felsefesi için bu, Türk milletinin değerlerini ve refahını korumak anlamına gelir.
Farklılıklar:

Devletin Amacı: Alman idealizmi için devletin amacı, mutlak ruhun (Geist) kendini gerçekleştirmesini sağlamaktır. Türk devlet felsefesi için ise devletin amacı, Türk milletinin birliğini ve refahını korumaktır.

Devlet ve Toplum İlişkisi: Alman idealizmi, devletin toplumdan daha yüksek bir varlık olduğuna inanır. Türk devlet felsefesi ise devletin toplumdan ayrılamaz bir parçası olduğuna inanır.

Bireysel Haklar: Alman idealizmi, bireysel haklara saygı duyulması gerektiğine inanır, ancak bu hakların devletin otoritesine tabi olduğunu savunur. Türk devlet felsefesi ise bireysel hakların devletin otoritesine tabi olduğunu ve devletin bu hakları korumakla yükümlü olduğunu savunur.

Sonuç:

Türk devlet felsefesinin bazı açılardan Alman idealizmine benzediği açıktır. Her iki felsefe de güçlü ve merkezi bir devlet fikrini, devletin organik bütünlüğü fikrini ve devletin ahlaki bir role sahip olduğu fikrini paylaşır. Ancak, devletin amacı, devlet ve toplum ilişkisi ve bireysel haklar gibi konularda da önemli farklılıklar gösterirler. Bu farklılıklar, her iki felsefenin tarihsel ve kültürel bağlamlarından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Alman İdealizmi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism
Türk Devlet Felsefesi: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_felsefesi

Türkiye’de Marx Felsefesi etkili olduğu halde Hegel felsefesi neden etkili olamamıştır

Türkiye’de Marx Felsefesinin Etkisi ve Hegel Felsefesinin Etkisizliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
Türkiye’de Marx felsefesinin Hegel felsefesine nazaran daha fazla etkili olmasının arkasında yatan birçok faktör vardır. Bu faktörleri şu şekilde sıralayabiliriz:

1. Tarihsel ve Politik Bağlam:

Marx felsefesi: 19. yüzyılda Avrupa’da ortaya çıkan ve 20. yüzyılda Sovyetler Birliği’nin kurulmasıyla birlikte büyük bir siyasi güç haline gelen bir felsefedir. Türkiye’de ise Marx felsefesi, 20. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son döneminde ve Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında, emperyalizme karşı direniş ve sosyal adalet arayışı içinde olan aydınlar tarafından benimsenmiştir. Bu dönemde, Türkiye’de sosyalist hareketler de gelişmeye başlamıştır.

Hegel felsefesi: Hegel felsefesi ise 19. yüzyılda Almanya’da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu felsefe, idealizm ve diyalektik gibi kavramlara dayanmaktadır. Türkiye’de Hegel felsefesi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son döneminde ve Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında bazı aydınlar tarafından ilgi görmüş olsa da, milliyetçilik ve modernleşme ideolojisiyle tam olarak uyumlu bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, Hegel felsefesi, monarşik ve otoriter rejimlerle de ilişkilendirilmiştir.

2. Felsefi Anlayış:

Marx felsefesi: Daha pratik ve materyalist bir felsefi sisteme sahiptir. Ekonominin ve sınıf mücadelesinin tarihi ve toplumsal gelişmeyi belirlediğini savunur. Bu da, Türkiye’deki aydınlar ve halk tarafından daha kolay anlaşılmasını ve benimsenmesini sağlamıştır.
Hegel felsefesi: Daha karmaşık ve soyut bir felsefi sisteme sahiptir. Diyalektik ve idealizm gibi kavramlar, Türkiye’deki aydınlar için daha az anlaşılır ve ilgi çekici bulunmuştur.

3. Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Koşullar:

Marx felsefesi: Türkiye’nin 20. yüzyılda yaşadığı sanayileşme ve urbanization süreci, işçi sınıfının büyümesine ve emek sömürüsünün artmasına yol açmıştır. Bu da, Marx’ın emek ve sınıf mücadelesi hakkındaki fikirlerinin Türkiye’de daha fazla ilgi görmesine neden olmuştur.
Hegel felsefesi: Hegel felsefesi, Türkiye’nin 20. yüzyılda yaşadığı toplumsal ve ekonomik değişimlere tam olarak uyum sağlayamamıştır. Bu da, felsefi tartışmalarda ve siyasi ideolojilerde daha az yer bulmasına neden olmuştur.

4. Siyasi Etki:

Marx felsefesi: Türkiye’de sosyalist partilerin ve hareketlerin kurulmasına ve gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu partiler ve hareketler, Türkiye’nin siyasi yaşamında önemli bir rol oynamışlardır.
Hegel felsefesi: Türkiye’de siyasi bir desteğe sahip olmamıştır. Bu da, felsefi tartışmalarda ve eğitim sisteminde yer bulmasını zorlaştırmıştır.
Sonuç olarak:

Marx felsefesinin Türkiye’de Hegel felsefesine nazaran daha fazla etkili olmasının arkasında yatan birçok faktör vardır. Bu faktörler arasında tarihi ve politik bağlam, felsefi anlayış, toplumsal ve ekonomik koşullar ve siyasi etki yer almaktadır.

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