FARABI

IBN SINA

Ghazali

Turkish Manuscripts Institution Publications
Science and Philosophy Series
http://www.yek.gov.tr/Link/ShowLink?LINK_CODE=58&LAN_CODE=TR

Kitâbu’l-Burhân/Fârâbî

Fârâbî (d. 339/950), who has a founding role in the tradition of Islamic philosophy, is one of the unique philosophers who produced original and creative products in almost all fields of philosophy. Most of his works are about logic, and the main logic studies in the Islamic world started with him. Fârâbî, who was very knowledgeable in the logic tradition before him, wrote many commentaries on the logic works of Aristotle, “Ilk Muallim” (Mu’allim-i Evvel), as well as wrote many original and effective stand-alone works and wrote the “Second Teacher” (Muallim). -i Sânî) title.
Fârâbî’s work Kitâbü’l-Burhân (Second Analytics) constitutes the starting point of his logic, and even, it can be said, his entire philosophy and philosophical project. Because, he places an essential function on demonstration, which gives accurate and precise information and constitutes the ideal method of philosophy, in the process of philosophical construction, and also places evidential thinking on the foundation of the virtuous social order that he dreams of establishing.

Book of Letters

Ibn Sina (980-1037): (Uzbekistan) Efşene 980 of Bukhara. Bukhara, Gürgenc 1003, Cürcan 1013, Reyy 1014, Hamadan 1015 and Isfahan 1023-37, Hamadan 1037. Muslim physician, medical textbook author, judge/ Kadı and the most important figure of philosophy inspired by Hellenic culture in Islam. It deeply influenced the Latin-speaking Middle Ages and New Age Persian philosophy. Philosopher, theologian, Hezarfen (very knowledgeable). Author of the Law of Medicine, which for five hundred years remained the classic medical guide in the Islamic world and in Europe. Healing in the Islamic world and Christian Europe

His book and the Book of Liberation had a powerful effect on theology as was its complex affirmations of reason and logic. Ghazali struggled with his theological legacy.

Dânişnâme-i Alâî/Alâi Book of Wisdom/İbn Sînâ  

Dânişnâme-i Alaî is a philosophy and logic book written by Ibn Sînâ in Persian. In Danişnâme, which was prepared as a textbook for teaching purposes, sub-topics were given and figures were drawn in order to facilitate comprehension while the subjects were being examined, unlike Avicenna’s other philosophy books. The work, which consists of five parts, deals with the subjects of logic, metaphysics, physics, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music, respectively. However, in the complete copies of Danişnâme, only three chapters of the seven sciences, namely Logic, Metaphysics and Physics, were written by Ibn Sînâ; the remaining parts were prepared by his student Abdulvahid Cûrcânî after his death.
The translation of the work by Murat Demirkol was published in parallel with the copy registered at Nuruosmaniye Manuscript Library number 2682. This copy, which was copied by Ayn Ali in 1657, also has an artistic value with its gilded leaves and red and blue rulers.

Al-Isârât ve’t-Tenbîhât/Signs and Admonitions/Ibn Sina

El-İşârât ve’t-Tenbîhât is one of the last works written by İbn Sînâ, one of the most important and influential philosophers of history. Considering the commentaries and annotations made on it, it can easily be said that it is the most influential work of the author on the Islamic World. Written in a very concise style, the work in which the principles and propositions of philosophy will be discussed in the introduction begins with the science of logic, continues with physics, and ends with the metaphysics section.
While the logic section of al-Isârât ve’t-Tenbîhât consists of ten “nehic”, the physics, metaphysics and ethics sections consist of ten “namats”. In the edition of this work, which was published within the scope of the Fatih Sultan Mehmed Library project, the copy considered by Fatih was published together with the facsimile and translation.

Metaphysics I-II/Kitâbu’ş-Şifâ/İbn Sînâ

Metaphysics is at the top of the philosophical sciences in terms of grounding the principles of all sciences and giving information about Real Being. Philosophical sciences, which were transferred from Plato and Aristotle to the Islamic world and developed and transferred to the West by philosophers such as Kîndî, Fârâbî, İbn Sînâ, Gazzali, Ibn Rushd, are shaped around Metaphysics in terms of being both the source and fruit of theoretical thought. In this respect, Metaphysics has been accepted as the science that gives information about real entities that are not subject to change.

Avicenna compiled the philosophical sciences and passed them through the filter of criticism in his corpus of Healing, which was influential enough to overshadow all philosophers before him in the east and west for centuries. Undoubtedly, the most important work of this corpus is Metaphysics, which examines existence in terms of being. This work, which is one of the most important sources of high-level metaphysics research until today, has been published together with the copied text for the opinion of Fatih Sultan Mehmed.

Al-Ghazali 1058-1111. (Iran) Tus 1058, Curjan and Nishapur, Baghdad 1085-95, Damascus, Jerusalem, Mecca and Medina, Tus 1097-1111; in between Nishapur1106-11: Epistemology and philosophy critical islamic theologian (mutakallim), jurist (faqih) and sufi mystic (sufi). Tuslu(Khorasan) theologian and philosopher, in his book The Inconsistencies of Philosophers, challenged rationalism. After suffering a severe depression as a result of the death of his bosses, he converted to Sufism, combining his views on faith with mainstream Islam in many of his magnificent works.

It even influenced Christianity.

Mi’yâru’l-ilm /lmin Criterion:/Ebû Hamid al-Ghazali

Ghazali determined that the reasons for the mental eclipse experienced in the field of Islamic sciences such as kalam and fiqh during his lifetime were due to some method errors made in these sciences. This determination pushed him to seek a reliable method for the sciences, and finally he suggested that Aristotelian logic should be used in all areas of scientific activities, especially in Islamic sciences such as kalam and fiqh. Thus, for the first time, the way to apply Aristotelian logic to Islamic sciences was opened and the application of logic to religious thought was provided successfully.

Mi’yâru’l-ilm, in Gazzali’s own words, was written to reveal a valid logic in all theoretical sciences, including theology and fiqh, and to explain some terms of his famous work, Tehâfütü’l-falâsife, and to better understand this book. Despite the decisive influence of this work of Ghazali in the field of Islamic sciences for centuries, we cannot say that it has received the academic attention it deserves in the modern period. Because, as far as we can determine, neither a scientific publication of Mi’yâru’l-ilm has been made, nor has it been translated into any language.
prof. Dr. Ali Durusoy and Assoc. It is certain that Mi’yâru’l-ilm, which we published with Hasan Hacak’s meticulous translations, will fill an important gap in Islamic philosophy studies in our country.

Tehâfütü’l-Felâsife / Abu Hamid al-Ghazali

Imâm Ghazali, who complained about the inadequacy and inefficiency of the method used by the theologians before him in discussing the mind-translation and religion-philosophy relations, witnessed that they were not successful because they tried to criticize philosophy without fully penetrating philosophical issues, and he was interested in philosophy in the most productive period of his life (1085-1095).
Tehâfütü’l-Felâsife, which Imam Ghazali states that he wrote in order to reveal that the authority to represent the truth in some matters related to religion and metaphysics belongs to religion, not philosophy, has opened a new era on the religion-philosophy relationship and has taken its place among the world philosophy classics. In the history of Islamic thought, it has contributed to the opening of a new field of discussion under the name of “controversies”.

WORKS OF FARABI

Introductory works to philosophy

• The book of things that should be presented before learning philosophy (Kitâb-ü ma yenbağî en mukaddeme kable taallüm-il Philosophy)

• The book of counting of sciences (Kitâb-u İhsâ-il-ulûm)

• Levels of Sciences (Merâtib-ül-ulûm)

Works on logic and philosophy of language

• Book of Letters (Kitâbul-Hurûf) ( English :  Books of Letters: Commentary on Aristotle’s “Metaphysics” )

• Words Used in Logic (Kitâbu’l-Elfâz)
• Beginning with logic (Al-Tawti’a fi’1-Logic)

• Chapters Concerning All Matters That Anyone Who Wants to Begin the Art of Logic Has to Learn (al-Fusulu’l-Hamsa)

• Journal of Logic Books (Cevâmi’-ü Kutub-il-Mantık)

• Introduction to logic (Kitab-us mudhal fi’l-logic)

• Chapters necessary in the art of logic (Fusûl-u yuhtâc ileyhâ f’i sınâat-il-logic)

• Small book of qiyas (Kitâb-ü kıyâs sagîr)

• Kitâbu Makûlât

• Kitâbu’l-kıyas

• Kitâbu’l-Burhan

• Kitâbu’l-Jadel

• Kitâbu’l-İbâre

• Sharhu Kitâbi’l-İbâre

• Kitabu Isaguci

• Kitâbu’l-Emkineti’l-Muğalata

• Concierge of Fairy Hermeneias

• Reconciling the Views of Plato and Aristotle (al-Cem Beyne’r Re’yeyn al-Hakimeyn Eflatun al-İlâhi ve Aristûtâlîs)

• Book about fallacy (Kitâb-un fi’s-safsata)

• The book about oratory (Kitâb-un fi’l-hitab)

• Al-Elfazul-Musta’mele fi’l-Logic

Works on applied sciences

• Explanations on the 1st and 5th parts of Euclid ‘s “Kitâb-ül-usul”

• A book of wits about what is right and wrong about the stars (Kitâb-ün-nüket fî-mâ yesihhu velâ yesihhu min ahkâm-in-nücüm)

• Great music book (Kitâb-ül-mûsîkî’l-kebir)

• An introduction to music (Kitâb-ül-mğdhal fî’l-mûsîkî)

His works on theology

• The book about the mind (Kitâb-un fi’l-akl)

• The book of important questions (Kitâb-ü Uyun-il-Mesâil)

• The book of one and unity (Kitâb-ül-vahid ve’l-vahde)

• The aims of the philosopher Aristotle (Kitâb-ül agrâz-il-Hâkîm Aristôtâlis)

• Plato’s philosophy (Kitâb-u Philosophy of Eflatûn)

• Aristotelian Philosophy (Philosophy Aristutalis)
• Philosophy questions and their answers (El-mesâil-ül-felsefîye ve’l-ecvibet-ü’anha)

Works on political and moral philosophy

• The book of gaining happiness (Kitâb-ü collection-il saâde)

• The book of showing the way to happiness (Kitâb-üt-tenbîh alâ sebil-il-saâde)

• Fundamentals of the ideas of the virtuous people of the city (Kitâb-ün fî mebâdî ârâ-i ehl-il Medînet-il-fâzıla)

• City politics book (Kitâb-ül-siyâset-il- madaniye ) ,  The beginning of existence (Mebâdi ‘l-mavcûdât)

• Plato’s words book (Kitâb-ül-elfâz-il-Eflatuniye)

Other works attributed to Farabi

• The book of combining the ideas of two philosophers (Kitâb-ül-cem’i beyn re’yey-il-hâkimeyn)

• The Ring Stones Book of Wisdom (Kitâb-ü füsûs-il-hikem)

• Second teacher (At-Ta’lîm-us-sani)

Works of Ibn Sina

• El-Kanun fi’t- Tıb , (ö.s), 1593, “The Law in Medicine” (Contains the information of the time about medicine. It was taught as a textbook in the West for four hundred years in the Middle Ages. Ten translations were made into Latin.)

• Kitabü’l-Necat , (d.s.), 1593, (“The Book of Salvation” is a summary work written on metaphysical subjects. )

• Risale fi-Ilmi’l-Ahlak , (d.s), 1880, (“Booklet on Morals”)

• Isarat ve’l-Tembihat , (d.s), 1892, (“Contains Logic, Physics and Metaphysics. It consists of 20 chapters.)

• Kitabü’ş-Şifa , (d.s), 1927, (“It is an eleven volume work written on Logic, Mathematics, Physics and Metaphysics. It has been translated into Latin many times and is used as a textbook.”). The Logic section consists of  Introduction, Categories, On Interpretation, First Analytics, Secondary Analytics, Topics, Sophistical Arguments, Rhetoric,  and  Poetics  . The Department of Natural Sciences   consists of the books Physics, Sky and the Realm, Becoming and Decay, Effects and Passions, Mineralogy  and  Meteorology, Psychology, Botany and Biology . Mathematical Sciences section consists of  Geometry, Arithmetic, Music  and  Astronomy  books. The twenty-second and final book is  Metaphysics.‘Truck.