Levent Ağaoğlu – Many thanks to Consul General and our retired ambassador. There were some very enlightening conversations. I have a comment and a question. The comment is: The lady asked about China. I have the same concerns. Why is that? When we look at history, the Tang Dynasty, one of the dynasties established by the Turks in the 700-800s, has a policy. There is a thousand-year-old Chinese policy drawn from that time. Caspian; Now it is a country with a coast on the Caspian Sea. When we look at this, there is the Astana process and the Shanghai event.
I think Kazakhstan probably has this concern. Because, on the one hand, a country with a population of 18 million, on the other hand, a country of one and a half billion. I brought this as a comment. I think this policy is also an ongoing policy. Russia carries this concern in Siberia. Fear of the Chinese coming there. When I look at it in terms of commercial relations, they are very attractive now because the prices of the Chinese are cheap, but the Greek idea is a hundred years old, but there is the issue of the Chinese being the shore of the Caspian for more than a thousand years.
My question is; Farabi and Yesevi, you spoke very well. We are from the same leaven, Farabi is our great philosopher, Yesevi is our mystic, these are both Kazakh Turks. The question is, has there been any work done in Kazakhstan on the collection of Yesevi’s manuscripts, their compilation, and the creation of its corpus? I asked because my desire is in that direction.
Ecvet Tezcan – I will say one thing, then I will give my word to the consul general again. Making friends with great states is not an easy task. But it’s also luck. A friend of ours said that if I sold an orange to every Chinese, I would be the richest person in the world. Now look, we are trying to sell tomatoes to Russia. Can you explain what I mean? At the same time, big states have a chance to become big markets. In this respect, you see that Kazakhstan is under a lot of pressure in that sense, yes, it is necessary to think that Russia has opened up in China but also in great markets.
Minutes: 1:18:00 – 1:21.25
Yerkebulan Sapiyev – Farabi, when we say Yesevi, of course, you know Yesevi from Turkistan. Our Turkistan. Now there are rumors like this, of course, this will depend on the decision and discretion of our president. As our province, there is the province of South Kazakhstan with a population of three million. Of course, three million is a small number in Turkey, but it is big for us. The city population of one million, which we call Shymkent, is known as the city center and has direct flights from Istanbul. There are people who want to invest in Kazakhstan from Turkey, there are businessmen, valuable industrialists and agriculturalists tend to this Shymkent side more, because the weather conditions are also favorable and it is a region bordering Uzbekistan and has lands suitable for agriculture.
In Kazakhstan, Shymkent will not be a provincial center -that is, it will have a separate autonomy-, Astana will remain as three big cities like Almaty, and there is a possibility that the provincial center will probably shift to the city of Turkestan. You know, in Turkestan, there is the Hodja Ahmet Yesevi tomb, which is a great legacy of the Turkish world. There is the Arslan Baba tomb, which we call Aslan Baba. Sir, you know, you went there. It is very important for our Turkish world.
Of course, this divan of wisdom, for example, is the legacy of Ahmet Yesevi. Distinguished scientists continue their research. In 2009, the Turkish Council was established in this Nakhchivan on October 3rd. It is known as the Nakhchivan agreement. The decision is made in 2009. In 2010, the Turkish Academy was opened in Astana. And in 2011, the Turkish Heritage Protection Fund was opened in Baku. In other words, the establishment of these Turkish integration structures and the successful operation of Turkish structures in our Turkish world makes us very happy. And the Turkish academy, of course, can be in the Divan-ı Hikmet first. Hodja Ahmet Yesevi is not content with researching Farabi’s works and the books he left behind, but we continue to research, for example, the field, the works of this special republics in Russia, other Turkic republics, the Orkhon inscriptions we call tiva.
Levent Ağaoğlu – When we look at the issue from the perspective of Turkistan and the economic aspect of the event, the annual development of Turkestan countries is 8%, this is the 2014-2015 figure. 4% of Turkey. Turkistan countries have doubled Turkey. When we look at the position of Kazakhstan, China, the Turkestan countries in the south, and India in the lower south. These are all 8% developing countries. My question is; If there is a cooperation between Turkey and Turkistan, how can more important steps be taken in commercial integration?
Yerkebulan Sapiyev – The trade volume between the Turkish Republics and Turkey in the economy is not as large as desired, it is less. Especially due to the economic crisis in this world, this trade volume has decreased a little. For example, the trade volume between Kazakhstan and Turkey is currently two billion dollars. The joint economy program, which we call a new synergy between the state and governments, has been signed. This is a program that envisages increasing the trade volume between the two countries to ten billion. Of course, how this economy develops in every country is primarily agriculture and industry. Turkey has a good industrial experience. It has an industrial story and legend. We would like to benefit from this experience. We even make use of it, for example, we have moved the special economic zones, which we call OIZ in Turkey, to Kazakhstan, as well as the special industrial zones.Let’s say there, in the south of Kazakhstan, in the province of Shymkent, we built this same OIZ. We are currently waiting for Turkish investors and investors from other countries. In addition, the industrialization program of the Kazakhstan government continues, our teachers know well before, we had a 5-year development plan, that is, an industrialization plan, during the Soviet period.
As far as I know, even after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, this five-year development plan was in question. We had the same. And starting from the middle of the late 2000s, we had a 5-year development and industrialization plan. And we attach great importance to this industrialization. There are great incentives. For example, let’s say that when a potential investor comes to Kazakhstan, the Kazakhstan government gives 30% grant as an incentive, that is, 30% of the amount invested.
If he wants to establish a factory in the industrial zone, he delivers his water, electricity and everything ready. There are incentives such as zero land tax for 10 years and exemption from income tax for 5 years. And the issue of agriculture is very important, Turkey’s agricultural experience is very large. Especially in organic farming production. Of course, our lands are very large, we have a surface area of 2,737 thousand square kilometers, 9th in the world. And livestock is very important. Studies on this subject are ongoing and nothing will happen by explaining the economic volume with these words, with this item, it needs to be worked on concretely. Mutual investments, nothing more important than investments in this globalizing world.
The faith journey of the Turks, which started with the TENGR beliefs written on stone in the Yenisei and Orhun tribes of Asia, Buddhist paintings and temples in Dunhuang caves, Samarkand with wooden poles, Bukhara Mosques, Ahlat tombstones, Cappadocia underground churches in Anatolian geography, Göbeklitepe Temple, Karaim Synagogues, Karaman Orthodox Churches It has diversified and enriched with the ancient mythologies of Asia Minor, the Gods of Sumer, the Rumelia dervish lodges and lodges.
The religious beliefs of the Turks, which started with Tengrism (Göktanrı), met with the monotheistic religions after Manichaeism and Buddhism, and continued their beliefs in 7 religions.
In the 21st century, more than 35 Turkish tribes and communities dispersed in Asia and Europe maintain their beliefs in 5 religions:
Islam………………..17 tribes of
Christianity………………….11 tribes of
Shamanists……………….4 tribes of
Buddhist …………………..3 tribes of
Jews……………………….. 2 sizes
Half of the 35 tribes preferred Islam, three quarters preferred Islam-Christianity, while the Asian beliefs in the form of Shamanism-Buddhism were preferred by 20% of the tribes. FAITH JOURNEYS OF THE TURKS Tengri The first word identified in Turkish is Tengri (God). It is seen that Turks have strong beliefs and the conceptual framework is ancient and strong.
Atheism would later jump over the Yakut Turks to the Americas.
The Turks have also transformed the belief world of the Chinese with their belief in the Gods of Heaven.
Islam and the Caliphate of Islam and the Caliphate, the ancient Chinese and Turkish adversaries in the struggle against Iran; caused them to play galabe.
Northern Islam, that is, Hanafism, systematized by Abu Hanefi, one of the Khorasan Turks, constitutes 56% of Islam. Reason and Faith support each other. Sufi beliefs abolished the sectarian discrimination, Bektashism formed the infrastructure of the Ottoman expansion in Europe.
Major Axes
a significant Muslim Turkish population in China, Iran, Russia and Europe;
Buddhist Turkish population in China and Russia
There are Christian and Jewish Turkish populations in Russia and Eastern Europe.
The Land of the Holy Land
Turkey, the land of the holy land: The Cult of the Mother Goddess Cybele, the House of the Virgin Mary, the Iznik Council, the revival of Orthodoxy in the land of Turkey, 7 holy churches, Hagia Sophia, Mimar Sinan Mosques, Madrasahs, Kulliyes, Prophet Abraham Urfa, Prophet Noah, Noah The Legend of Harran, St. Paul, Antakya, Tarsus, Cappadocia, the first Christians in the Underground Churches, Göbeklitepe (8000 BC), Syriac, Aramaic, Nestorian, Eastern Christianity are all journeys of faith in our country.
Nile – Amudarya (Ceyhun) Nile river and Ceyhun (Amudarya); When two parallel lines are drawn to the east, starting from the points of Alexandria on the Nile and El Luxor Vasit in the south; Alexandria, Memphis, Cairo, Damascus, Jerusalem, Harran (on the periphery) Jerusalem, Nineveh, Baghdad, Babylon, Basra (on the periphery), Uruk (on the periphery), Isfahan (on the periphery), Nishapur, Bukhara, Samarkand.
The Turks existed in the intercontinental cultural contacts that took place on the Nile-Amu Derya/Ceyhun axis, starting from the east from the tip of Samarkand and traveling to the west.
Main Station: Transoxiana Yellow River (Huang Ho) – Ceyhun or Orhun river – The distance between Ceyhun and Ceyhun – Nile are equal. The Turks made their journey to the West, which lasted for centuries, with the intermediate station Transoxiana (Ceyhun-Seyhun).
Axis of Hanafism In the early ages of Islam in the 700s, the wise Imam-i Azam Abu Hanifa from Khorasan, patient and realistic in the systematization of Islam, taking steps that combine faith with reason, and in the future, the largest sect of Islam from the Balkans to India, to Bangladesh; A unity of faith and heart has been created that will extend from Tatarstan to Egypt.
In India , from geographies other than Turkey and Turkistan, the Turkish Mughal Empire in India raised Islam to a rich civilization level in the subcontinent, and enlivened the city of Agra by the Yamuna river with the Taj Mahal. During the Ottoman period, Indian Lodges continued to exist in Istanbul.
Celestial Religions in the Ottoman Empire The Ottomans undertook the representation of all the monotheistic religions; He represented Islam with the Caliphate, Orthodoxy with the Istanbul Patriarchate, Judaism with the Chief Rabbinate, and Armenia with the Patriarchate.
Christianity has its roots in Palestine and Anatolia.
The origin of the Armenian, Syriac and Greek Orthodox churches and beliefs of Eastern Christianity is in the lands of Turkey.
It is Ottoman diplomacy that revealed Protestantism.
Catholic Croats, Armenians, Albanians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks had positive relations with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman lands became the center of the independence struggles of Poland and Hungary.
Transoxiana/Turkestan Renaissance
Between 700-1200 700-1200 Transoxiana centered Turkestan geography renaissance started to live 600 years before Europe. Ulugh Turkestans were familiar with languages and religions. Turkistanis, who were acquainted with the religions and languages of Zoroastrianism, Manicheism, Buddhism, Nestorianism, Syriacism, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism, developed the line of Sufism from all this religious diversity and richness.
Karakhanids and Seljuks (Nizamülmülk, Nizamiye Madrasahs) brought the institution of Madrasa to Islamic Civilization.
In the climate of cultural expanse and interaction that spread from Transoxiana to Iran, to Khorasan, while Turks were publishing the codes of practice of Islam with Nizamülmülk and Gazzali, the Horasan Erens, like Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli, who emerged in the same geography, developed Sufism in a way that would be unique to the Turks.
Turkistan/Horasan – Andalusia Synthesis After
Turkistan/Horasan Sufism, leaping to Anatolia and Rumelia, in addition to Demir Baba/Yellow Saltuk/Yunus/Mevlana/Hacı Bektaş line, the struggle against Ibn Arabi, who migrated from Andalusia, will also take on an identity, the colonizer Dervishes will conquer both continents. They will liven together with dervish lodges, zawiyas and dervish lodges, and they will experience the unity of being both an entrepreneur and a thinker.
Continuous Civilization Line: MMM and the Genetics of Turks
Transoxiana, Mesopotamia and Menderes rivers; From the Nile to the Danube… From the Nile to Ceyhun, from Ceyhun to the Yamuna river; The rich cultural accumulation created by the alluvial soils of the geographies has been ingrained in the genetics of the Turks.
Anatolia, the refuge of believers; It has always been a land of mercy and emigration. Anatolia, which embraced the believers with the underground churches of Cappadocia, embraced the Andalusian Jews in 1492 and the Muslim immigrants exiled from the Balkans and the Caucasus in the 1800s.
Mimar Sinan, who prospered the Ottoman realms with 375 architectural works, including 81 mosques; He is an Anatolian believer and genius who adorned the geographies and lands of the Islamic Civilization with lights.
The Taj Mahal Tomb built by the Mughal Turkish Empire to represent the Islamic Civilization on the banks of the Yamuna river in India, and the Selimiye Mosque built by Mimar Sinan during the Ottoman Empire around the Meriç River in Edirne; They compete with each other in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Mosques of Samarkand, Bukhara, Kashgar; Istanbul’s Selatin Mosques, Hagia Sophia Church/Mosque, Caspian Synagogues, Rumeli Lodges are the clear manifestations of the Perfection in the Civilization Journeys of the Turks who have expressed their identities in various faiths.
The three Mediterraneans in question; The Mediterranean Basin (Mediterrane), New Mediterranean (Pacific) and Silk Road (Turkestan) geographies converge through Cyprus, the Center of the World, with the 21st century.
In their own interests the 19th and 20th centuries, Central Asia , the Middle East created the concept Despite the western Atlantic powers, the ancient thousands of years that until the old-time reality Mediterrane (Mediterranean) and Zhongguo (China), the meaning of those so-called Middle Earth ‘is.
The Center of the World, the rare island of the Mediterranean, Cyprus, with its location holding the center of the Cradle of Civilizations, has a global potential as a treasure of ideas of the Basin.
The comparative advantage of Cyprus is its location and opportunity as an island of ideas, a paradise for contemplation, and a center for the production of high-value ideas.
It is extremely important that European philosophy from the continents surrounding the Mediterranean cannot be grasped without the developmental process that took place elsewhere and passed to Europe. The beginnings of the development of Western philosophy lie in the region that the Hellenes called the Orient (Anatole). The first center here was Miletos. Thales, Anaximandros and Anaximenes became the first philosophers of the history of philosophy with their intellectual activity and the problems they addressed.
The second and main center was in Europe: Athens. However, the third center right after that, Alexandria (Alexandria), is again outside the borders of Europe in Egypt, and the next one, Baghdad, is a little deeper in the Orient. Source: Elmar Holenstein, Atlas of Philosophy, Spaces and Ways of Thinking, June 2015, Istanbul, Küre Publications
Cyprus, located in the middle of the Miletus-Alexandria-Baghdad triangle; It is in a position to reproduce the Minor Asia-Greater Asia-Africa intellectual heritage.
Cyprus has started to accumulate an important intellectual infrastructure for years by providing education to the students of the countries in the triangle in question at the universities on the island. Starting from the coming years, targeting the world’s first place in intellectual activities of this accumulation should be put on the agenda.
Our knowledge shows that the mental conditions for philosophizing began in Africa. The most important contribution of the African continent to philosophy is the ability to speak. Having the ability to speak means that a person has the cognitive ability to not only understand but also reveal every philosophy that has developed since the Axial Age 2500 years ago. Early humans, who spread from Africa to the whole world between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago, carried this ability with them. Source: Elmar Holenstein, Atlas of Philosophy, Spaces and Ways of Thinking, June 2015
Cyprus, where Time and Grounds intersect, will bring out a universal Mind from the treasure of these intersections and will make it available to all humanity.
Despite the European Hegenomy, which only achieved dominance for 500 years by using external resources that did not belong to it; Mathematics and rationality of Asia Minor, symbolized by Miletus; Diophantus mathematics symbolized by Alexandria, Pythagorean wisdom (sophia) and Harezmi mathematics symbolized by Baghdad, wisdom of Beytül Hikme; In the Center of the World, Cyprus, the Afrasia Millennium, which has emerged from its own resources since the beginning of the 21st century, is preparing to take its place in history as the 3rd Millennium. The richness of thought of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Transoxiana is being reshaped on the island of Cyprus.
All innovations (paper, printing press, gunpowder, compass) to Europe were carried from Greater Asia by the Silk Road and the Iron Silk Road, which will be operational from 2035, will connect the New Mediterranean (Pacific Ocean) with the Cyprus-based Mediterranean. While Asia Minor Turkey was woven with iron nets in 1935s, a century later, 2035s will be the beginning of a new era, the Silk Road Age, in which Greater Asia will connect the oceans with railways.
In the early ages, the ancient Greek civilization emerged from the Mediterranean Civilization, which was common among the nations living on the Mediterranean coast, which was formed with the help of the Egyptians, Sumerians, Hittites, Assyrians and Phoenicians, and the ancient Roman civilization from the Greek civilization. After it was divided into two as Eastern Rome and Western Rome, the Europeans, who were the heirs of Western Rome, adopted this civilization and advanced it. Source: Ziya Gökalp, Principles of Turkism, Ministry of National Education Press, 1st Edition. Istanbul 1976, p. 48. 132 Ibid. NS. 136
Eastern Rome, on the other hand, was continued as the Seljuk and then the Ottoman Empires by the Turks, who stretched from Far Asia to Asia Minor, with the victories of 1071 and 1453. Thus, the Mediterranean Civilization, as a unique civilization with many components, has thousands of years of history and dynamic interactions.
Skopje (Macedonia), where Turkish culture is extremely strong as in Cyprus, is the birthplace of Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, one of the greatest poets and intellectuals of Turkish poetry. Yahya Kemal, who sees his geography within the Mediterranean civilization basin, strives to reach the universal, especially through this thesis. He realistically determined the borders (misak-ı milli) and then the milestone (1071 and 1453) of the homeland, from which he claimed to have been created as an indivisible whole by the religion and the nation, and included it in the European civilization through the Mediterranean basin with a final effort. Of course, while establishing this synthesis, he takes care not to overlap with any doctrine, theory, and not to construct theories that will impose responsibility on himself.“The homeland is never a theory, it is a land. Soil is the tomb of the ancestors. It is where mosques are built. Industry is the exhibition of what has been done in the name of nafise (Fine Arts).” Source: Kadrican Mendi, Yahya Kemal’s Politics
“The reflection of Yahya Kemal; It is on the line of Vienna, Budin, Belgrade, Istanbul, Baghdad, Basra. Yahya Kemal Bey’s reflective side is also important; It has prose style writings.” Source: Ömer Tuğrul İnanç
In the Middle East, which has traditionalized the union structures by hosting 16 empires throughout its 5000-year history, the region has been handed over to divide-rule policies with the formation of 20 states in 50 years since the beginning of the 20th century.
Western structures such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union; They have no tolerance for union formations other than themselves.
The Turks prevented the Chinese from descending into the Middle East with the Talas War (740) and the Byzantines with the Seljuk expansion (1000s). Thus, the two imperial empires were prevented from descending to the center of the world.
UNITY
Turkish/Arab (Talas, 741): China was prevented from landing in the Middle East. Instead, the Turks landed in the Middle East.
Turkish/Arab/Kurdish: Fatih, Akşemsettin, Molla Gürani, Istanbul was conquered. (1453)
Turkish/Kurdish: Caliphate and conquest of Egypt. Yavuz Sultan Selim (1517)
Turkish/Kurdish/Armenian: Conquest of Anatolia (1071)
Turkish/Kurdish: War of Independence. Eastern Anatolia (1919)
Turkish/Greek: Fatih/Patriarch Gennadios, Dimitri Kitsikis, Turkish-Greek empire: A look at Ottoman history in the light of the reality of the intermediate region
Middle Eastern Empires:
Kingdom of Egypt, 1450 BC
Hittite Empire; 1340 BC
the Kingdom of Israel; 1050 BC
Assyrian Empire, 721 BC
Babylonian Empire; 600 BC
Persian Empire; 550 BC
Macedonian Empire; 336 BC
Roman Empire ; 44 BC
The Byzantine Empire; AD 565
Sassanid Empire; AD 610
Umayyad Empire; AD 750
Seljuk Empire ; 1100 AD
Crusader Kingdom; AD 1140
Saladin’s Ayyubid Empire; AD 1187
Mongol Empire; AD 1279
Ottoman Empire ; AD 1700
Independent States: AD 1971
In the Age of Empires, which started with the Kingdom of Egypt in 1450 BC and ended with the Ottoman Empire in 1920;
– A total of 16 Empires
– 15 of these empires, excluding the Kingdom of Israel, are related to the territory of Turkey.
– North (Turkey) centered empires: Hittite, Byzantine, Seljuk, Ottoman: 4
– South centered empires: 7
– East centered empires: 3
– West centered empires: 2
Total: 16
Although the centers of the Empires in the South, East and West directions are scattered, all 4 Empires in the North direction are centered in TURKEY.
ANATOLIA, starting from HİTİT in 1350 BC; It has become the control-command center of the Middle East.
Two of these empires were the TURKISH EMPIRE; Seljuk and Ottoman.
In no other part of the world have layer-by-layer empires overlapped and wealth accumulated in this way.
The Ottoman Empire had the accumulation of 15 Middle Eastern Empires behind it, and the West, which decided to end this huge wealth and accumulation, achieved its goal in October 1918.
Among the Middle Eastern Empires, the Ottoman Empire reached a record for 620 years, the region was torn apart by its destruction, and as a result, there was a century-long war, chaos and massacres.
The unjust hegemony of the West has turned the region into a bloodbath.
India and Turks: Kushans, Akhuns, Ghaznavids, Mughal Empire.
Kushanlar
Akhuns, Huns
ephthalite
Ghaznavids
Timur
Mughal
The Taj Mahal
Sindh Province
Punjab Province
neighbor with Turkestan
Khwarezmi
Turks traveling to India
Buddhism and Turks
Yellow Uighurs (Buddhist)
Burhanism
mysticism
Istanbul Indian Lodges
National struggle
Gandhi, Nehru
Khwarezmi (780-850)
Biruni (d.1048)
Al-Hujviri: The source of Punjabi Sufism: Ali Al-Jullabi Al-Hucviri from Gazne, owner of Kashfu’l-Mahjub, namely “Data Genc Bahş.” His tomb is in Lahore
He was born before Ahmet Yesevi. (d.1049) http://www.islamancyclopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c18/c180267.pdf
In India , from geographies other than Turkey and Turkistan, the Turkish Mughal Empire in India raised Islam to a rich civilization level in the subcontinent, and enlivened the city of Agra by the Yamuna river with the Taj Mahal. During the Ottoman period, Indian Lodges continued to exist in Istanbul.
Northern Islam (Hanafi) line
Indian subcontinent (in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan),
Greater Khorasan and North India Map
Mughal Empire Map
Ghazni State Map
Great Hun State and Akhuns Map
Akhunlar Map
Mughal Empire Map, 1530-1707
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/mughal-empire.htm YAMUNA RIVER, INDIA Delta has the cities of Agra and New Delhi, which house the Taj Mahal and the Delhi Sultanates.
Jiddu Krishnamurti http://www.halukberkmen.net/pdf/222.pdf
Participatory Awareness http://www.halukberkmen.net/pdf/256.pdf Knowing
Yourself http://www.halukberkmen.net/pdf/189. pdf
Age of Giants http://www.halukberkmen.net/pdf/267.pdf
Lost Continent MU http://www.halukberkmen.net/pdf/227.pdf
Development of Literature http://www.halukberkmen.net/pdf/ 51.pdf
“ URDU is spoken in the north-west of India and Pakistan. This language is close to the language of the Asian Turks who came from the north. It is originally an ORDU language and has been mixed with Persian and Hindi over time. Place names may also have changed. Because Indian culture is unique and has adapted the names to their own pronunciation.” Haluk Berkmen
HAND HAREZMI
India first started counting numeral expressions 300 years ago. Toward the 6th century, numbers 1 through 9 appeared, with digits from right to left. These figures began to be recognized outside of India around 660.
When the eight is subtracted from the other eight, there is nothing left.
Put a circle so it won’t be empty!
This is what Harezmi says; In his second work, which describes the Indian account and has been translated into Latin. In other words, ‘Kitab al-Muhtasar fil Hisap al Hind’.
The first act of mathematics is counting numbers. When the number system started to form, people knew only 1 and 2 for a very long time. Finding zero is much later. Humanity has lived without zero for centuries .
The Indians were the first to find it. The first person who introduced this concept to the Islamic world and used it for calculation was Harezmi.
In the first chapter of the Algebra Book devoted to the “Definition of decimal numbers”, Harezmi said:
“When I was thinking, what do people usually expect from calculation?, I saw that the expected ‘number’ is always expected.”
And “Kitâbu’l-Hisâbi’l-Hind” was started to be written. The work was about operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, which we call the four operations in arithmetic today.
It was with this work that the Indian numerals and the decimal number system entered the Islamic world. Like his Algebra, this work was the main source of all arithmetic books until the middle of the Western Renaissance.
Thanks to these two important mathematical works of Harezmi, the Indian numeral and calculation system, which was perfected by Khwarezmi, began to replace the letter-number and calculation system that had been in effect in the West since the Romans.
Italian mathematician Fibonacci, who realized that all numbers can be written with nine Indian numerals and a zero sign while translating Khwarazmi’s book into Latin, began his “Book of Abacus” with the following sentence, which would seem rather strange and incomprehensible to Europe: “With nine Indian numerals and a zero sign. all numbers can be written.”
His work in mathematics formed the basis of algebra . He determined that in India , where there was a period , the digit number system was used instead of letters or syllables to express numbers. This system of symbols and zero was presented to the western world in the 12th century as a result of the translation of the book written by Khwarezmi on this subject into Latin under the name Algoritmi de numero Indorum .
Kitab al-Muhtasar fil Hisab al-Hind.
‘Kitab al-Muhtasar fil Hisap al Hind’ has two more important roles in the history of mathematics. The first is that Europeans found examples of addition and subtraction in this work for the first time, and the other is that they learned for the first time that numbers are written from right to left, starting with the ones digit.
Kitab-ul-Muhtasar fil-Hisab-il-Hindi: This work, an Arabic copy of which has been obtained today, is the second important work of Harezmi. This work on Indian mathematics has a Latin translation, Numero Indorum, in Algorithmi at the Cambridge University Library. This translation was made by Adelhard from a copy found in Cordoba in the 12th century.
Harezmi, whose needs were met by the Caliph, made valuable researches in the fields of mathematics, astronomy and geography in Baghdad and during his travels. In 830, he went to India via Afghanistan to conduct scientific research as the head of the delegation.
He added the latitude and longitude book called Kitabu-Suret-il-Arz to the work prepared by the committee. In this work, he explained the source of the Nile River. He took the circle of longitude, which is the center of Malva and passes through the city of Ujjain in the Indian state of Gwalyar, as the prime meridian.
Harezmi, who gained fame in a short time in the scientific atmosphere of Baghdad, headed the scientific delegation that went to India via Afghanistanto study Indian mathematics, as well as in the scientific committee working at the Kasiyun Observatory in Damascus and in the scientific delegation that went to the Sinjar Plain to measure the length of the earth’s one-degree meridian arc. has too.
In an Italian translation of Khwarezmi’s book, which was written in order to introduce the Indian calculations and the operations that can be done with them, originating from the beginning of the 13th century and found in the Salem monastery, the writer responsible for duplicating the text could not help but add his own views:
“All numbers are derived from one, and one is from zero. It is necessary to know that a great temple is hidden in Zero: He (God) is symbolized at zero, which has neither beginning nor end, and neither increases nor decreases like zero; There is neither a river flowing to Him nor a river that breaks from Him. And just as zero multiplies all numbers tenfold, so He multiplies not only tenfold, but thousands of times, indeed, He creates, withholds, and directs all things out of nothing.”
While the astronomer al-Khwarizmi was writing a book comparing the benefits of using Indian numerals (and the concept of zero) with others, others were searching Indian geometry, astronomy, and even calendar systems for good ideas.
His work in mathematics formed the basis of algebra. He determined that in India, where there was a period , the digit number system was used instead of letters or syllables to express numbers. As a result of the translation of the book written by Khwarezmi on this subject into Latin under the name Algoritmi de numero Indorum, this system of symbols and zero was presented to the western world in the 12th century.
The use of the number system from 1 to 9 and the number zero in Europe is after the translation of Harezmî’s work into European languages. Until this date , the numeral system called Roman numerals was used in Europe , with which it was almost impossible to develop the science of mathematics.
It is worth noting that the Indians felt the existence of zero for the first time and used spaces instead of zero when writing numbers . This is not practical at all. However, what gives it a symbol and identity
“With 9 numbers and this new symbol it is possible to perform all operations”
He is the true discoverer of Harezmi zero . In other words, he is the man who completes the decimal system by adding zero to other numbers. Thus, the zero , which the Indians call sunya, gained its true identity with es- zero , which means empty in the Islamic scientific world, and started its journey to Europe.
EL BIRUNI
1017 from Gazneli Mahmut , Khwarezm State ‘s destruction by Biruni in Ghazni came to the city where Gazneliler ‘ s auspices entered. He was highly respected in the palace and joined Mahmud of Gazne’s expedition to India . Here he attracted the attention of Indian scientists, and when the Indian country was conquered , he settled in the city of Nendene and continued his scientific studies here. He studied the life and culture of Indian society by learning Sanskrit .
It is understood from his letters that Bîrûnî knew Aristotle . Working with important scholars such as Ibn Sînâ , Birûnî went to India many times. That’s why he wrote a book on India. This book of his has been translated into several languages. This book, which has been translated into several languages, has set an example for many scholars. Birûni also has one novel.
Kitâb’üt-Tahkîk Mâ li’l-Hind: Bîrûnî, who also wrote a book on Indian history, described the superstitions, beliefs, lifestyles and customs and traditions that the Indians believed in in great detail, and while doing this, he acted completely impartially and away from prejudices.
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Indian travel books have a special place in our literature. Al-Biruni’s Indian Travel Book is the work accepted even by the eminent scholar Hindus, who became eternal in the history of the East, and that even Nehru lauded. Al-Biruni, who is fluent in Persian and Arabic, even learned Sanskrit for India. The information he gave aside; He is the man who uses some of the knowledge that remains within the borders of this country and transfers his science to the Eastern world. (Medium)
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Walter Ruben (hindologist)
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Walter Ruben (September 26, 1899 – November 7, 1982. German Indology expert, he was one of the scientists who came to Turkey after fleeing the Nazi genocide in Hitler’s Germany. He gave lectures at Ankara Faculty of Language, History and Geography for a while. He spent some of his exile years in Kırşehir. He wrote articles about the monuments of art.
Yusuf Hikmet Bayur: Ordinary Professor of Indian History at the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography . History of India (1946-50, 3 volumes), Turkish Ambassador to Afghanistan Tenure 1928–1931
On the Verge of a World, Cemil Meriç
His first copyrighted work, On the Verge of a World, is the discovery of Asia, especially “India” by Meriç, which until then was “a single continent in its geography and a single hemisphere in its head”. While searching for Olemp, Himalaya came across him. According to Meriç, who examines Indian literature and civilization with his thoughts and poetry, religion, philosophy and fairy tales in this book, which he says he buried for 48 years, “Contemporary Europe is a continuation of India with its brightest sides”.
As in the whole of his intellectual adventure, he sometimes complains about not being able to find his reader and not being understood during this sensitive work. But this world, where he invites everyone, is the homeland of freedom of thought. “Indian”, says Meriç, “because it is a country that gives a voice to every faith, it has become my second homeland. In this book there is the whole Indian with his dreams and his reality… that is, the whole human being.”
a
“The book written by a Turkish intellectual, Halide Edip, on India in the 1930s; in other words, “Inside India” had a great impact in its time. This book about the necessity of Muslim India is still discussed and is a well-known classic. Halide Hanım stayed long in India. He gave lectures at institutions such as Aligarh Islamic College. He made friends with all the great Indian intellectuals of the time. The report he wrote is considered one of the main works that point to the future of the country.” http://www. milliyet.com.tr/hind- travel book/ilber-ortayli/ pazar/Yazardetay/03.02.2013/ 1663852/default.htm
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İlber Ortaylı may have written at some point that Halide Edip’s book “Inside India” was not translated into Turkish. Yes, he wrote: “Inside India is a well-known work that masterfully analyzes the social structure of India at that time, the communication of various religions and languages, and the problems of this vast continent. We do not think it has been translated into Turkish.” http://www. milliyet.com.tr/halide-edip- adivar/ilber-ortayli/pazar/ yazdetay/26.01.2014/1827244/ default.htm
India is one of the regions that have been subjected to constant invasions because of the opportunities it has. It is seen that the idea of reaching this country and seizing its riches has almost turned into a “high ideal” in some periods. The fact that a balanced society structure has not been created in India throughout its history has a great share in this. Therefore, the diversity in its socio-cultural structure is one of the most important factors that attract foreign powers to this country.
For this reason, invasion movements towards India followed different paths. One issue that has never been worked on is the expeditions to India by land, especially through the passes in the North Northwest.
The Russian Occupation of Eastern Anatolia in the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829 and Its Effect on the British Road to India Policy / Uğur Akbulut [The Caucasus Special Issue- III; 703] For other articles in this volume, click here.
India of the Turks / Enver KONUKÇU [Turkish World I; 355]Click for other articles in this volume.
XV. Ottoman Traders in India at the End of the Century / Prof. Dr. Halil SAHİLLİOĞLU [3/77]Click for other articles in this volume.
First Turkish Domination in India: Kushans and Akhuns / Prof. Dr. Salim Cöhce [1/815-820]Click for other articles in this volume.
Dominion of Ghaznavids in India / Prof. Dr. Salim Cöhce [4/522-525]Click for other articles in this volume.
Turkish States Established in India / Prof. Dr. Salim Cöhce [8/689-730]Click for other articles in this volume.
Mughals: “The Temürs in India” / Prof. Dr. Enver Konukçu [8/744-760]Click for other articles in this volume.
Turkish-Muslim Architecture and Art in India / Prof. Dr. İnci Macun [8/881-890]Click for other articles in this volume.
Architecture and Art of Timurids in India / Prof. Laura Parody [8/891-899]Click for other articles in this volume.
Sultan II. Ottomans and Indian Muslims in the Period of Abdulhamid / Assoc. Dr. Azmi Özcan [13/138-143]Click for other articles in this volume.
First Turkish Domination in India: Kushans and Akhuns / Prof. Dr. Salim Cöhce [1/569-579]Click for other articles in this volume.
Turkish States Established in India / Prof. Dr. Salim Cöhce [5/313-385]Click for other articles in this volume.
Mughals: “The Temürs in India” / Prof. Dr. Enver Konukçu [5/387-414]Click for other articles in this volume.
Turkish-Muslim Architecture and Painting in India / Prof. Dr. İnci Macun [5/447-460]Click for other articles in this volume.
SEARCH: INDIA
Turkish States in India / Prof. Dr. Salim Cöhce [2/925-941]Click for other articles in this volume.
Baburids: Timurids in India / Prof. Dr. Enver Konukçu [2/942-959]Click for other articles in this volume.
Turkish Islamic Architecture and the Art of Painting in India / Prof. Dr. İnci Macun [2/998-1000]Click for other articles in this volume.
Architecture and Arts of the Indian Timurids / Dr. Laura Parody [2/1008-1015]Click for other articles in this volume.
The Ottomans and Muslims of India during the Reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II / Assoc.Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan [4/299-303]Click for other articles in this volume.
Agra – Mughal Shah
Zahiriddin Muhammed Babur –
PhD Theses
As a result of the search, 22 records were found.
Thesis No Author Year Thesis Name (Original/Translation) Type of Thesis Subject
filter
2000..2014 =2014
389296 SERKAN BAYRAKTAROĞLU 2014 Investigating design for social innovation through business models in rural India: A model proposal for developing countries
Design review for business models and social innovation in rural India: A model proposal for developing countries PhD Economics = Economics ; Industrial Design = Industrial Design
368037 FATİH ESENBOĞA 2014 Two ways of seeing India in the travelogues of Kemalist orientalists and traditionalists
Two different perspectives on India in the travel works of traditionalists and Kemalist orientalists PhD Comparative Literature = Comparative Literature; Turkish Language and Literature = Turkish Language and Literature
188431 LEYLA SEN 2003 The US foreign policy and the institutionalization of dependency in the periphery in the post-WW2 era: Turkey and India compared (1947-73)
US foreign aid policy after the second world war and the institutionalization of dependency in the environment: Comparison of Turkey and India (1947-73) PhD Political Sciences = Political Science ; Date = History ; International Relations = International Relations
56890 MUSTAFA YALÇIN 1996 Use of activated carbons produced from indigeneous rav materials in gold hydrometallurgy as an alternative to coconut shell carbons
The use of activated carbons produced from domestic raw materials as an alternative to coconut-derived carbon in gold metallurgy Ph.D. Mining Engineering and Mining = Mining Engineering and Mining
370634 SOVEREIGN CALL MIZRAK 2014 BC. Steppe tribes in West Turkestan and North India from the 7th century to the middle of the 6th century AD
The steppe peoples of Western Turkistan and Northern India from the 7th century BC to the mid-6th century ad PhD Date = History
332673 İSMET GÖÇER 2013 Macroeconomic and productivity effects of foreign direct investments: The case of Turkey, China and India
Productivity and macroeconomic effects of foreign direct investment: The case of Turkey, China and India PhD Economics = Economics
345617 FUNDA GOLD 2013 Fine arts education at tertiary level in India, Bangladesh and Nepal
Fine arts education in India, Bangladesh and Nepal on higher educational level
342117 DESIRE SÜREN ÇİFTSÜREN 2013 Turkey and Turks in Urdu and Persian poetry in the India-Pakistan subcontinent after the 93 war
Turkey and Turks in Urdu and Persian Poems in Indo-Pak subcontinent after the 93 war. Ph.D. Eastern Languages and Literature = Eastern Linguistics and Literature; Date = History
330356 FIDA HUSSAIN 2012 Turkish War of Independence and Revolution in India
The Turkish War of independence and revolution in Indian literature PhD History = History ; History of Turkish Revolution = History of Turkish Revolution
327960 BIRD BIRD 2012 XVI. Ottoman-Indian relations in the commercial field in the 19th century
Commercial area relationships between Ottoman and India at 16th century PhD History = History
303613 PRAISE SHIELD 2011 Role of regional powers in the process of politicization of ethnicities: India-Sri Lanka relationship
The role of regional powers in the politicization process of ethnies: The case of India-Sri Lanka relations PhD International Relations = International Relations
277789 AYŞE DENKNALBANT 2010 Development of double minaret facades in pre-Ottoman Turkish architecture (Anatolia, Iran, Azerbaijan, India)
The development of the double minarets facades at the pre-ottoman Turkish architecture (Anatolia, Iran, Azerbaijan, India) Ph.D. Art History = Art History
257518 SERDAR CELEBI 2009 India: Current and probable place in international politics in the context of South Asia’s current geo-politics
PhD International Relations = International Relations
234528 MUSTAFA ÇAĞLAR ÖZDEMİR 2009 Comparative analysis of the labor market in the IT sector in Turkey with India and Ireland
Analyzing the labor force market in the information and communication technologies sector comparing with India and Ireland in Turkey PhD Economics = Economics ; Labor Economics and Industrial Relations = Labor Economics and Industrial Relations
190164 SUAT VURAL 2006 British rule in India
The British rule in India PhD Public Administration = Public Administration ; Date = History
148798 İLKNUR ÖZLEM BİÇER 2004 Removal of some pesticides from the aqueous medium by adsorbing on the adsorbent obtained from coconut shell
The removel of some pesticides from aqueous solutions using activated carbons produced from coconut shells
87434 NESLIHAN DURAK 1999 Expeditions to India from the north
PhD History = History
41642 GÜLSEREN HALICI ABAY 1995 Permanent Turkish traces in India (1542-1666)
Ph.D. Eastern Languages and Literature = Eastern Linguistics and Literature; Date = History
41904 HALİL TOKER 1995 Persian and Urdu poetry in India and World War II. Bahadir Shah Era poets
Ph.D. Eastern Languages and Literature = Eastern Linguistics and Literature
37306 KHALID ZAFERULLAH DAUDI 1994 Hadith studies in Pakistan and India from Shah Veliyullah al-Dehlavi (D. 1176/1762) to the present
PhD Religion = Religion
30615 MESUT SEN 1993 Gazi Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur ‘Baburname’ Introduction-text (Kabul and India chapters) annotated index
PhD Turkish Language and Literature = Turkish Language and Literature
22470 OSMAN BÜLENT YORULMAZ 1991 India in Turkish literature
PhD Turkish Language and Literature = Turkish Language and Literature
41642 This thesis is not allowed to be published on the database. You can access the hard copies of theses that do not have permission to be published through your University library (via TÜBESS).
Permanent Turkish traces in India (1542-1666) /
Author:GÜLSEREN HALICI ABAY
Advisor: YRD. ASSOC. DR. Find ŞEVKET
Location Information: Ankara University / Institute of Social Sciences / Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures / Department of Urdu Language and Literature
Subject: Eastern Languages and Literature = Eastern Linguistics and Literature ; Date = History
Index:Babur = Babur ; Celal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar = Celal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar ; India = India ; Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun = Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun ; Nur-ud-din Muhammad Cihangir = Nur-ud-din Muhammad Cihangir ; Turkish culture = Turkish culture ; Turks = Turks ; Urdu literature = Urdu literature ; Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur = Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur Confirmed
Doctorate
Turkish
1995
393 p.
The real Muslim empire began to gain ground with the conquest of India by Mahmud of Ghazni (d.1030). After seventeen successful assaults against In dia he ultimately succeded to add important regions like Panjub and Sindh etc. to his empire. Soon after him Mohammad Ghauri (1173-1206) ann exed India and cemented the Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent. The^came the dynasties of the slaves, the Balbans, the Khiljies etc. But ultimately Delhi Reign began the fall with the ruthless reign of Ibrahim Lodhl. Babur came from Farghana and inflicted a crushing defeat upon him in the battle field of Panipat. Zahir-ud-din Mh. Babur ruled India for a short period of 5 years (1526- 1530), but he left a durable impresson in the history of Muslim rule in India. He had in him, many unique qualities of head and heart,which made him a great warrior as well as cool-headed statesman. He also earned a good name due to his cultural activities and literary achievements. In fact the foundations of the. Turk-Indo civilization in undivided India were laid down in his period. His elder son Nasiruddin Humayun (1530-40 / 1555-56) succeded him after his death. Humayun was a tenderhearted man. No doubt luck turned against him and he lost his throne to Sher Shah Surifora short period, but he didn’t loose heart and after the death of Sher Shah he came back to India and recaptured his throne. He made commendable contribution in devoloping Turk-Indo culture, of which his father was a pionar. Hümayun died in 1556 and his son Jalaluddin Mh. Akbar (1556- 1605) the great succeeded him to the, throne at the age of 13. He was a real genius,who ruled over India for 50 years wii great success. He expanded the boun daries of his great empire. He had a secular mind, so he developed reconciliatory relations among the Muslim and the Hindu. Being a very wise ruler, a great sta tesman and very bright person, he determined the needs of the region with gre at care and follawed a balanced state policy according to. the environment. 305 Nuruddln Mh. Jahangir (1605-1627) followed his great father, he was gen nerous emperor with good education and pleasant disposition. He patronized arts and literature. He was meticulous to apply his laws in the farthest regions of the country. When he died in 1627 Shahabuddin Mh. Shah Jahan (1628-1659) succeded him. He is called an Emperur the Architect The artistic value and beauty of the architectural men men ts of his time attract attention even today.Taj Mahal (Agra-India) wich immortalized the memory of his beloved wife Mümtaz Mahal, is one of the master pieces of the original architectural style of the period in gene ral and of the Turkish-Islamic architecture in particular. He died in 1666.
370634 Its use is restricted by the author until 27.06.2017.
B.C. The steppe peoples of Western Turkistan and Northern India from the 7th century BC to the mid-6th century ad
Author:EGEMEN ÇAĞRI MIZRAK
Advisor: PROF. DR. AHMET TAŞAĞIL
Location Information: Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University / Institute of Social Sciences / Department of History / Department of Medieval History
Subject:Date = History
Index:West Turkistan = Western Turkistan ; Steppe geography = Steppe geography ; Steppe culture = Nomadic culture ; Ancient steppe tribes = Steppe tribes ; India = India ; Tribes = Tribes ; Turkish tribes = Turkish tribes Confirmed
Doctorate
Turkish
2014
332 p.
B.C. VII. Starting from the century AD VI. Until the Gokturk conquests in the 3rd quarter of the century, Eastern Iran, Toharistan, Sogdiana and North India geographies were dominated by various horse-archer warrior tribes of the Eurasian steppes. Among them, we can list the most famous ones chronologically as “Sakalar, Yüeh-chihs and Huns – Chionit, Kidarit, Ephthalite/White Hun”. While some scholars claim that the origin of these horse-archer steppe tribes is Altai, others (comprising a significant part of the scientists) are of the opinion that they are Indo-European. The origins of these tribes remain controversial due to anthropological and etymological studies motivated by arbitrary and/or political perspectives.The cultural characteristics and lifestyles of these horse-breeding nomads most authentically coincided with the Turkish tribes of present-day Central Asia and Southern Siberia. As a result of the analysis of their genealogy, socio-cultural and physical anthropological structures and genetic signs, we present strong evidence that these steppe nomads may be of Altai and especially Turkish origin.
327960 Its use is restricted by the author until 20.10.2018.
XVI. Ottoman – India relations in the commercial area in the 16th century / Commercial area relationships between Ottoman and India at 16th century
Author:CANAN BIRD
Advisor: PROF. DR. MUHAMMET BASHIR ASHAN
Location Information: Fırat University / Institute of Social Sciences / Department of History
Subject:Date = History
Index:16. century = 16th Century ; India = India ; Ottoman State = Ottoman State ; Ottoman Period = Ottoman Period ; Trade = Trade; Trade relations = Trade relations ; Turkish-Indian relations = Turkish-Indian relations Confirmed
Doctorate
Turkish
2012
220 p.
In the Ottoman economic understanding, the needs were met first, and in case of insufficient supply, foreign purchase was needed. In other words, the state would meet the need and sell the surplus. However, the fact that the Ottoman Empire was in a geography with geopolitical and geostrategic importance -even if it did not have a merchant structure- pushed the Ottoman Empire to the mobility of transit trade. Thus, the Ottoman Empire, which did not give a primary place to commodity trade, especially exports, in its economy, made the requirements of transit trade and tried to take all kinds of measures to ensure comfortable trade. For this, he gave various orders and provisions to the local governments, and even carried out the necessary practices for the supply of derbent organization, covered bazaars, inns and caravanserais for the safety and comfort of the route in order to ensure the comfortable trade.Indian trade, on the other hand, was generally based on exports. In this sense, India was a merchant country. There was almost no import movement in India except for the import of horses, steel and iron for weapon making, slaves to work in production, knowledgeable and technically equipped soldiers and war equipment for strategic protection, gold, silver and luxury ornaments. Already, India’s rich geography was enough to meet its own needs. In the trade between the two countries, the addressee of the trade was not only two countries. Because trade itself had an intercontinental position. III Thus, Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran and Africa were dealing with the trade that took place. Ottoman-India trade in XVI. The most important role in gaining density in the XV century.It is the conquest of Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmed in the middle of the century. Ambassadors from India for congratulations also made trade connections. Intensity of trade, XVI. It started with the Ottomans taking important trade centers on the route of Eastern trade as a result of the 1516-1517 Syria, Palestine and Egypt campaigns of the Ottoman Empire, as it was in a position to endanger both the Mediterranean trade and the Ottoman lands against the Portuguese danger approaching with its weak Mamluk policy at the beginning of the century. In this context, the Ottoman Empire, exactly in the XVI. In the 19th century, it entered a trade concentration in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, which was connected with the East. However, this situation disturbed the Europeans. XVI, which can be considered as an important turning point in the history of world trade. century comes to the forefront with its developments in the political and economic fields. XV.The discovery of new roads at the end of the century and the shift of trade routes from the Middle East to South Africa as a result of these discoveries, and thus the change in the balance of the world economy against the developing economy of Europe, XVI. events that marked the turn of the century. The Europeans were uncomfortable with the Ottomans’ holding of the Indian trade and the Middle East region of the historical Silk Road, and they did not want to experience situations such as road insecurity, taxes taken along the way, and the exhaustion of sea, river and land trade. For this, they took the Indian goods to their country by using the New roads and traveling around the Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese, who wanted to monopolize the Indian trade, also wanted to strike a blow to the trade carried out by the Muslims in the Red Sea.Now the Portuguese struggle in Indian waters and the Red Sea, along with the struggle with Iran, had a profound effect on the Ottoman’s trade. XVI. This situation, which went bad at the beginning of the century, did not last long. From the middle of the century, the Ottomans succeeded in attracting the merchant states to the Mediterranean again with various privileges. Thus, Venice, Genoa, France and England revived the trade of the Ottoman Empire with the trade taxes. However, the situation XVII. century, it started to deteriorate again. Many trade cities such as Aleppo, Tripoli, Alexandria, Cairo, Bursa and Istanbul are no longer coming to spice and silk as they used to be; Despite the length of the route experienced in the new world trade, the British pirates, and the ocean danger due to climatic conditions, it was going to Lisbon, the distribution center of Europe.The scarcity of commodities such as spices, silk, cotton fabrics and dyes coming from India to the Ottoman land and waters was also reflected in the decrease in prices and tax revenues. On the other hand, the fact that Europe supplied a high amount of gold and silver to the market with the monetary revolution also shook the Ottoman economy. However, India and its wealth, which has an important place in the history of world trade, continued to flow to the world in any case. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, India, XVI. Century, trade, Mediterranean, trade route, Silk Road, trade commodities, spices, Silk, prices, Ottoman trade cities, Indian trade cities, Red Sea, Portugal, Iran, Europe, Geographical ExplorationsThis was reflected in prices and the decrease in tax revenues. On the other hand, the fact that Europe supplied a high amount of gold and silver to the market with the monetary revolution also shook the Ottoman economy. However, India and its wealth, which has an important place in the history of world trade, continued to flow to the world in any case. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, India, XVI. Century, trade, Mediterranean, trade route, Silk Road, trade commodities, spices, Silk, prices, Ottoman trade cities, Indian trade cities, Red Sea, Portugal, Iran, Europe, Geographical ExplorationsThis was reflected in prices and the decrease in tax revenues. On the other hand, the fact that Europe supplied a high amount of gold and silver to the market with the monetary revolution also shook the Ottoman economy. However, India and its wealth, which has an important place in the history of world trade, continued to flow to the world in any case. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, India, XVI. Century, trade, Mediterranean, trade route, Silk Road, trade commodities, spices, Silk, prices, Ottoman trade cities, Indian trade cities, Red Sea, Portugal, Iran, Europe, Geographical ExplorationsIn any case, it continued to flow into the world. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, India, XVI. Century, trade, Mediterranean, trade route, Silk Road, trade commodities, spices, Silk, prices, Ottoman trade cities, Indian trade cities, Red Sea, Portugal, Iran, Europe, Geographical ExplorationsIn any case, it continued to flow into the world. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, India, XVI. Century, trade, Mediterranean, trade route, Silk Road, trade commodities, spices, Silk, prices, Ottoman trade cities, Indian trade cities, Red Sea, Portugal, Iran, Europe, Geographical Explorations
342117 Pdf file
Turkey and Turks in Urdu and Persian Poems in Indo-Pak subcontinent after the 93 war.
Author:ARZU SÜREN DOUBLETUREN
Advisor: PROF. DR. HALIL TOKER
Location Information: Istanbul University / Institute of Social Sciences / Department of Eastern Languages and Literatures / Department of Urdu Language and Literature
Subject: Eastern Languages and Literature = Eastern Linguistics and Literature ; Date = History
Index:Persian = Persion ; India = India ; Pakistan = Pakistan ; War = War ; Turkey = Turkey ; Turks = Turks ; Urdu literature = Urdu literature ; Urdu = Urdu language ; Poem = Poem Confirmed
Doctorate
Turkish
2013
327 p.
Urdu, the national official language of Pakistan and India, is spoken by approximately 1 billion people in these two countries and in many parts of the world, especially England. Urdu, a deep-rooted language of culture and literature, has been fused with the Turkish nation and Turkish culture, which has common values since the first days of its emergence, and many Turkish people have contributed to this language and its literature. Actually, it is a word of Turkish origin in Urdu. The word Turk has taken place in various aspects in the Indian Subcontinent Regional Literature, which was ruled by the Turks for hundreds of years. Especially, the troubled situation of the Turks in the process that started with the 93 War and continued with the War of Independence, Pakistan-India Sub-Continent? He found deep reflections in Urdu and Persian poems written inIn the newspapers they published during this period, they included the defeat or the victory of the Turks day by day. The Muslims of the Indian subcontinent, which is ruled by a non-Muslim state, England, are dependent on the Ottoman Empire due to the Caliphate. For this reason, they established various aid committees and sent their income to Istanbul. It is seen that the great poets of the region frequently used themes related to Turks in their works from time to time. Turkey and Turks in Urdu-Persian Poetry in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent After the ’93 War? In the thesis on the theme, there are poems of poets such as Iqbal, Mevlana Zafer Ali Han, Shibli Numani, Hali, Hafiz Calendheri,The poems written about the Turks in the process that started with the 93 War and reached the present day will be brought together, and in this way, the perspective of Turkey and the Turks in the Indian-Pakistani Sub-Continent will be examined and the ties between the two cultures from the past to the present will be evaluated. Keywords: Turkey, Turks, 93 War, Balkan Wars, Tripoli War
368037 Its use is restricted by the author until 24.06.2017.
Two ways of seeing India in the travelogues of Kemalist orientalists and traditionalists
Author: FATIH ESENBOGA
Advisor: PROF. DR. MOHAMED BAKARI; ASST. ASSOC. DR. AGNES E. BRANDABUR
Location Information: Fatih University / Institute of Social Sciences / Department of Comparative Literature
Topic: Comparative Literature = Comparative Literature ; Turkish Language and Literature = Turkish Language and Literature
Directory: Adıvar, Halide Edip = Adıvar, Halide Edip ; Atay, Falih Rıfkı = Atay, Falih Rıfkı ; India = India ; Indian Muslims = Indian Muslims ; Comparative literature = Comparative literature ; Kemalism = Kemalism ; orientalist = orientalist ; Travelogue = Travelogue; Yalman, Ahmet Emin = Yalman, Ahmet Emin Confirmed
Doctorate
The English
2014
214 p.
This thesis examines the origins of the ideological, cultural and social new forms of identification created by the radical modernization that started with the establishment of the Turkish Republic. The new elite of the Turkish Republic experienced an emotional break with the peoples of the East, and this break caused disappointment among the peoples who supported the Turkish War of Independence. India is one of these countries. This study analyzes the travel writings of Kemalist and Turkish writers excluded by the regime, who wrote travel works on India in the early period of the Turkish Republic. First of all, the sensitivity of the Hindu or Muslim Indian society about the Turkish War of Independence was revealed as a historical reality. Later, among them Falih Rıfkı Atay, Burhan Felek,A formal examination of the travel works of Ahmet Emin Yalman and Halide Edip Adıvar has begun. The aim of the formal analysis is to show that the radical westernization that emerged with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey led to Orientalist tendencies in some intellectuals when it comes to the peoples of the East. On the other hand, it is understood from the formal analyzes of the texts that the intellectuals who could not adapt to the Kemalist regime were able to look at the East and its peoples as if they were part of the East.It is understood from the formal analyzes of the texts that the intellectuals who could not adapt to the Kemalist regime were able to look at the East and its peoples as if they were part of the East.It is understood from the formal analyzes of the texts that the intellectuals who could not adapt to the Kemalist regime were able to look at the East and its peoples as if they were part of the East.
Within Turkey inside, there are two regions which look like to Canton province of China.
First is Thrace region connecting Turkey to go to Europe so this is this is mainly plane plane ticket today and there is the transfer European motorbike TEM connecting connecting took you to your destinations so in the end and interest rates and there are alsoBut I also text Aylılıç and say leather factories and then all kinds of light industrial productions that Europe is demanding the products so the shipments bye-bye truck is very speedy say through Çay through Bulgaria Romania hungry then you press to Austria and Germany were directly so sorry also more than 50% of turkey experts are destined to do European union this is very important fact so unlike China turkey is more connected to You are up north to the US UK and Germany Italy and France they are the top export markets for 30 bucks turkey turkey.
And further the second reason is it looking like Canton promise is in insults insults this isIn eastern Mediterranean region the port city of Maxine Main container experts porch for containers to China to Asia may need to you’re a boy is well and then Maxine is in connection very close to Atlanta city which is very like Canton it is very humid and hot city but it is the area of cotton so or not it is Montana’s however there are two Rivers inside and it is very industrial base with İn and Ava culture of the base is well the other night city and text other city is it so amazing I don’t know I’m Gracian tip line is very dynamic their dynamic activity area for the containers for the shipments did the goods produced in in case Siri what is cities and Kahraman cities as well I’m in insight Center alone I told you I’m done I’m Tyler regionAntalya region is getting close to Maxim and the production and other city all shipments all good collect it from these from the factories and from the pills in the cities are distance for export so so finally we may conclude that for the road transport to Europe 30 surgeon is very basic and Turkey connecting turkey to Europe and secondly do it in the south eastern Mediterranean region around Mac’s in Port cityThese are destined for shipments all over the world to Europe to Asia to Africa you say to Africa is very close as well Maxine city to North Africa cities in Libya Tunisia and Algeria they are very very close also Italy France Spain and they are very close also from Maxim and to the passing through the Swiss canal channel so the shipments are the best thing for Asia Pacific markets not.
Investment Case: Soda Ash by China
No technology and investment is very important in Turkey’s products is one of the top 10 items in the world and China Inn introduced credit line and a technology for the establishment of factories factories in one in Kazan town and the other is in by Pass liquor town in capital city on Krieg countryside so this is natural mine so now million is has the capacity for sodas for turkey and this is even evenEven shipped it to China this is very crucial for the world market and so that is introduced in textiles in in detergent in mining in food in variety of industries so you switch is very diversified diversified so this is good for the market coverage and penetration and distribution.
Turkey: South Eastern Europe Country
Turkey is so soft is it eastern Europe country and it is similar to in this respect to South East Asia because also answer key is also surrounded by buy the season like South East Asia like south east Asia has connections with many parts in Asia Pacific Lykos Australia Japan Korea ChinaAnd turkey also has direct flights relations with the European Union with Middle East with Russia Iran and Africa eastern Mediterranean countries you see many regions so chunky is like a horse in the in the legends entering into into Europe Asia and Africa continent three continents mainly so maybe I’ll read all these aspects fromFrom the market penetration view and understanding.
I am against similar point is that China has historical ties in south Asia and south east Asian countries say in Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Vietnam Cambodia Laos China community is there who hold economic power and power in these countries are there is a Chinese corn inside these markets and states and in the same way (tercüme) also has hisHistorical and cultural ties ties say in the south east Europe in bulk and say Romania Moldova then ask Yugoslavia countries like Grassia Montenegro Bosnia Slovenia Kosova as well and bless plus hungry and Slovakia and in Eastern Europe again this historical ties are valid say in Poland Lithuania Latvia Lithuania and includingSweden on top so these Eastern Europe and south eastern Europe countries has definitely been a strong ties and this is and this is also our village inn in North Africa like Algeria miracle Tunisia Egypt and then in in Sudan as well plus in the Middle East in Iran Syria Iraq Lebanon and Israel Jordan Palestine and Saudi ArabiaAnd the golf camp for them plus connections stands because I stand stand stand stand Afghanistan Mongolia all these connections ties with China is the sensor for the eastern Asian turkey is the Center for West end south east Europe and then the other regions around five C’s say Lexi Mediterranean right see Caspian Sea and then golf so golf so.
So the cooperation between China and is mainly based on silk Road Road where to be connected to the sub regions all by China site and cite the sub regional centers for business development and industrial development development may happen in all these wide areas and more is tax and Chinese the ties and then they know each other very well they are not they are not for foreigners for themselves they have their knowledgeBy BYOYO bilateral.
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