Sevgili dostum,

Geçenlerde “Büyük Türkiye” üzerine düşüncelerimi ifade etmiştim. Bugün de “Göçebelik” kavramı üzerinde duracağım.

Türkler başlangıçtan beri göçebelerdir. Günümüzde Türkler problemlerin kaynağı olarak göçebelik kavramını göstermektedir. Bu genel bir algıdır. Bize bakan öteki, yani batı bizleri göçebelikle aşağılamaktadır. Gerçekten öyle midir, yoksa tam tersi midir?

İşin gerçeği nedir diye, başka açıdan bakalım. Türkleri ilk göçebe olarak tanımlayan Çinlilerdi. Çinliler yerleşik bir toplumdu. Büyük Çin Seddi’nin içindeki  bölgelerde tarımla uğraşıyorlardı. Seddin dışında olan Türkler ise sürekli göçüyorlardı. Göçmelerinin sebebi bulundukları coğrafyaydı. Bulundukları coğrafya bozkır coğrafyasıydı. Yaşayabilmeleri için sürekli göçmeleri gerekiyordu.

Göçebenin bulunduğu bozkır, susuzdur, çoraktır. Ama göçebenin ruh dünyası, hayal dünyası son derece gelişkindir. Göçebe gece yattığında göğe bakar ve yıldızlar ona bir hayal dünyasını yansıtır. Biz Türklere baktığımız zaman bu hayal dünyasının genişliğini görmekteyiz.

Bugün Çin Devletinin adı kendilerine taktığı isim olan “Zhong Guo” merkez ülkedir. Çevrede yaşayan Türkler ise Çinlilerden uzaklaşarak, göç ederek, bir hayal olan dünyanın en merkez coğrafyasında Devlet-i Aliyye’lerini, Osmanlı Devletini kurmuşlardır.

Türklerin bulunduğu İç Asya, Orta Asya coğrafyası ile Akdeniz coğrafyası birbirine çok benzeyen özelliktedir. Akdeniz kıyısında da göçebeler vardı, bunlar eski Grekler yani Yunanlılar, İbraniler, Yahudi  Museviler, bunlar göçebe topluluklar. Bütün bulundukları coğrafyadan çıkarak, Akdeniz kıyılarında kolonilerini kurmuşlardır. Buna Karadeniz de dahildir. Bugün İbraniler ve eski Yunanlılar Akdeniz ve Karadeniz kıyılarını kolonileştirmişlerdi. İstanbul da böyledir, Yunanlıların bir kolonisi olarak kurulmuştur.

Türkler ise bulundukları İç Asya, bize Orta Asya dayatılıyor onu kullanıyoruz, aslında Büyük Asya’nın İç Asya’sıdır. İç Asya’yı da bir Akdeniz gibi düşünün ve bunun civarındaki vaha şehirlerinde özellikle Doğu Türkistan’da ki Semerkant ve Buhara gibi vaha şehirlerinde aynı tarz bir yapılanmayı kurmuşlardır.

Burada göçebe Türkler, Türkistan’ı (bilimsel olarak sabittir), dünyanın merkezi yapmışlardır.

Bunu nasıl yapmışlardır? Bu bir hayaldir.

Bu sefer tersten bakıp, yerleşik bir topluluğa bakalım. Göçebe olmayan topluluklar kimlerdir? Ermeniler ve Kürtler. Her iki topluluk ta göçebe olmamayı tercih etmişlerdir. Bulundukları coğrafyalardan çıkmamışlardır ve kendilerinin bir devletleri olmamıştır. Bugün mevcut olan Ermenistan yapay bir devlettir. Azerbaycan toprakları üzerinde kurulmuştur. Bir devlet olmakla hiç ilgisi yoktur.

Demek göçebe olmak, göçmek size bambaşka dünyaların kapısını açan bir olgudur. Atlı göçebeler vardı, Sümerler, Hititler, İskitler. Bunların kurdukları kültür ve medeniyetin boyutları son derece geniştir. Bizim konulara farklı açılardan yaklaşmamız gerekmektedir.

Bu konuşmamızda bahsettiğimiz Grekler, Kürtler, Ermeniler, Türkler, İbraniler, Çinlilere değindik. Bunların arasındaki farklar son derece önemlidir ve göçebelik Türklere en zengin ve gezgin bir dil armağan etmiştir. Türklerin en büyük gücü de dilleridir.

Biz yerli ve göçebe arasındaki ayrımı Çinli savaş sanatı yazarı ve general Sun Tzu ile Türk komutanı, başbakanı Tonyukuk’un değerlendirmelerinde de görüyoruz. Sun Tzu’nun Savaş Sanatı kitabında 962 kez düşman tabiri geçmektedir. Bu Hun Türkü’dür yani bizleriz. Tonyukuk’da sürekli bahsedilen ise göçebe olmanın erdemleridir.

Sevgi, sağlık ve selamlarımla.

Konuşma Kaydı

Sevgili dostum,

Az önce sizlere ilettiğim göçebelikle ilgili konuşmamda eksik olan 2 nokta var, onları da ileteyim. Birincisi, bu Akdeniz’de ki göçebeler arasında yine İbraniler gibi Sami ırkından olan Arapları da ilave etmek lazım. Göçebeliğin verdiği hayal gücü ve dinamizmle Türkler nasıl gökte, bozkır sessizliği ve sadeliğinde bozkırda seraplar görüyorsa, Araplar da çölde aynı serapları görüyorlardı. O seraplar onları Akdeniz’in İspanya’sından, Asya’nın içlerine ve ötelerine Endonezya’ya, Malezya’ya kadar yerleştirmiştir. Bu çok önemli.

İkincisi de hayal derken, hayal sanırım Türkçe bir kavram değil, ithal bir kavram.

Düş kavramı, kişi düş görmeden bir hiçtir ve düşler doğru mudur, yalan mıdır bilinmez. Düşten hem rüya hem düşünce çıkar. Düşmek fiili de aynı köktür, insanın zihnine düşer. İnsanın zihnine ne şekilde düşer, bunlar önemli sorulardır. Düşmek fiilinden düşünce gelişir o zaman Türklerde zihin ve düşünce son derece gelişkindir.  Çünkü düş vardır, düş olunca düşünce vardır.

Geçelim bize, algı operasyonlarının neticesinde ezberletilmiş bir takım yanlışları, konuların doğrusuyla açıklamak için bunlar önemli sorulardı.

Selam ve Sevgiyle

Konuşma Kaydı

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After Happy Ever After: He thinks it's a normal holiday to Istanbul, she has other plans. (Adam's Adventures Book 4)

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MY TRIP TO… ISTANBUL – Coloring Book for Kids Ages 3–5.: A Travel Activity Book for Preschoolers That Encourages Creativity and Learning

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Insight Guides Turkiye: Travel Guide with eBook: 2026-2027 | Culture & Society | Must-See Sights | Stunning Photos | Expert Advice | Covers: Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus and more

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Sevgili dostum,

“Büyük Türkiye” kavramı üzerine düşüncelerimi  sizlerle paylaşmak istiyorum. “Büyük Türkiye” kavramı ülkemizde ilk kez siyasetçilerden Süleyman Demirel tarafından kullanılmıştır. Kendisinin “Büyük Türkiye” başlığı adı altında bir kitabı da vardır. Türkiye’yi hep büyük olarak nitelemiştir. Günümüze baktığımızda Türkiye’yi büyük olarak niteleyebilir miyiz, bu bir soru işareti.

Süleyman beyin kastettiği “Büyük Türkiye” kavramının içerisinde sanayisi büyük olan Türkiye’den bahsediyordu, tarımı kendi kendine yeterli olan bir Türkiye’den bahsediyordu. 1980 öncesi dönemde, sanayileşme sözcüğü Türkiye’nin gündeminde olan kilit bir kavram idi ve Türkiye’nin tarımı kendi kendine yeterliydi.

Günümüze geldiğimizde ise bunları görebiliyor muyuz? Ayrıca 1990’larda bir başka büyükten daha bahsedilmeye başlandı. Ama bunu büyük olarak niteleyen Clinton Amerika’sıydı ve Greater China “Büyük Çin” kavramını gündeme getirmişti. Şimdi burada Büyük Çin’den kastedilen o bölgede Çin, Hong Kong, Tayvan, Macao ve Güney Doğu Asya’da ki Endonezya, Malezya ve Filipinler gibi ülkelerde yerleşik olan Çinlileri kastediyordu. Bu büyüklüğün bugün gerçek olduğunu görüyoruz. Çin artık “Büyük Çin”dir, Greater China’dır.

Sonradan 2000’lerde Amerika’nın başına geçen Bush yönetiminden itibaren Amerika bu kavramı terketti. Bu kavram sadece Clinton’la söz konusuydu. Şimde Çin artık enerji alımını yuanla gerçekleştiriyor, Amerikan Dolarını terk ediyor, ipek yolunu hayata geçiriyor, o zaman Çin büyüktür.

Şimdi dönüp Türkiye’ye baktığımız zaman Türkiye’nin büyük olabilmesi için Çin gibi kapsayıcı olması lazım. Kapsayıcıdan kasıt, “Büyük Türkiye”nin içi nasıl dolacak? Yani Çin gibi olmak, dünyada etkili bir konumda yer alabilmekten bahsediyorum.

Benim burada “Büyük Türkiye” olarak özellikle görebildiğim, tarihin mirasının olduğu ülkelerde yani binlerce yıl yer aldığı Asya, Hindistan, İran, Türkistan daha sonra Hindistan’da Babür İmparatorluğu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun mirası olduğu 3 kıta, Büyük Asya, Afrika, Avrupa. Bugün Türkiye olarak anılan ilk devlet “Devlet-it Türkiye” Mısır’da kurulmuştur.

Büyük Türkiye, Büyük Akdeniz dünyasının sınırlarını kapsar. Sadece bugün Misak-ı Milli sınırları değildir, tarihi derinliğimizin olduğu ülkelerdeki sınırları kapsamaktadır.

Selam ve sevgiyle.

12-05-2019

Konuşma Dosyası

By Bilge Tonyukuk Enstitüsü zaman: Haziran 05, 2020

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Sevgili dostum, iyi günler, iyi pazarlar.

Bugün 23 haziran 2019, İstanbul da sıcak bir Pazar günü. Bugün konuşacağımız konu, Türkiye kavramı. Tabii ki bunu Çin’le karşılaştırmalı olarak konuşacağız.

Çin’e baktığımızda dünyanın bir süper gücü, Amerika’nın tek belalısı olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. Çin de bizim gibi çok sayıda hanedanları ve kurdukları devlet olmuş, fakat;

Çinliler hiçbir zaman şu kadar devlet kurduk, şu kadar hanedan bizi yönetti, demiyorlar. Bir tek şey söylüyorlar “Çin”. Dünyada Çin markasını sürekli zihinlere yerleştiriyorlar.

Süper ekonomik güç haline bu sayede geldiler. 1978 den bu yana 50 yıldır bu konuda bilinçli bir plan uyguluyorlar.

Bizlere dönüp baktığımız zaman dediğimiz 16 tane devlet kurduk, Osmanlılar, Selçuklular, Gazneliler, Karahanlılar, Göktürkler, Hunlar, Uygurlar, devletler, hanedanlar bu bir karmaşa. Neden biz, bunun içerisinden sadece Türkiye kavramıyla çıkmıyoruz? Türkiye’den kastettiğim, Türkiye devleti 3 kıtada birden kuruldu. Osmanlıların adı Avrupai Türkiye idi, Avrupa da kurulan ve İngiliz haritalarına baktığınız zaman hep Avrupa kısmına Turkey yazarlar, Anadolu kısmına küçük Asya “Asia Minor” diye yazarlar.

Afrika’da Memlüklerin kurduğu “Devlet-it Türkiyye”, Anadolu’da kurulan nihai devletimiz ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti “Türkiye”. Şimdi bizim küçük Asya, Avrupa, Afrika da kurduğumuz devletlerde hep Türkiye vurgusu var. Bizim için düşünülen hep şu olmuştur, bunlar  devlet  kuruyor sonra da yıkıyor. Öyle de olmuştur, bu devletler birbirlerini yıkmıştır. O zaman biz Türk Dünyası, Türkistan tarzı adlandırmaları ve hanedan isimlendirmelerini tarihte ki devlet yapılandırmalarını aşarak ve başka bir bakış açısıyla çıkarak, Macaristan’dan başlayarak Çin Seddine kadar Türk devletlerini, Türkiye şemsiyesi altında buluşturmamız lazım.

Bugün Çin 1,5 milyar nüfusa sahip ama Türkiye’de 1,5 milyar olan İslam Dünyasının lideridir. Türk toplulukları bunun içerisindedir. O zaman iki denk gücü biz karşı karşıya getirmiş olacağız.

Bunun getirisi; nasıl ki bir ürünün arkasında Made in China yazıyor, bizim de yapmamız gereken bir Made in Turkey markalamasını yaygınlaştırarak, bu 3 kıtada ki bu aslında 4 kıtadır, Hindistan’ı da bir kıta olarak sayarsak çünkü 5 tane devlet var, o da bir alt kıtadır. 

Bu 4 kıtadaki ürünleri Türkiye markası adı altında birleştirerek büyük bir güç yaratmak, tek Türkiye algısını oluşturmak olacaktır.

Çin’in avantajı, MADE IN CHINA kavramıdır. Büyük Strateji.

​Çin, ÇİN DÜNYASI demiyor. MADE IN CHINA diyor.

Sözü çok fazla uzattık, bir şiirle tamamlayalım.

Kendirden basma, kenevirden fistan

Büyük Asya, Küçük Asya, Afrika, Avrasya

Boylar, toylar, soylar

Altaylılar, Çağataylar, Çuvaşlar, Kıpçaklar,

Kazanlar, Kumanlar, Farslar, Tacikler, Özbekler

Mısırda Memlükler Devlet üt Türkiyye

Avrupa da Osmanlılar Devleti Aliyye

Asya da Hunlar, Oğuzlar

Devlet te devlet oldu, millet te millet oldu

Gök Türkiye

İyi pazarlar.

By Bilge Tonyukuk Enstitüsü zaman: Haziran 05, 2020

Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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MY TRIP TO… ISTANBUL – Coloring Book for Kids Ages 3–5.: A Travel Activity Book for Preschoolers That Encourages Creativity and Learning

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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Wonders of Istanbul: A Photo Collection of the City’s Most Beautiful Places to See – A Stunning Coffee Table Travel Photobook

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE (TRAVELLING AND HIKING GUIDE BOOKS Book 31)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

(43538)

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Bilgelik konusunu incelediğimizde aklımıza gelen iki eşzamanlı örnek var; Bilge Kağan ve Bilge Tonyukuk.

MY TRIP TO… ISTANBUL – Coloring Book for Kids Ages 3–5.: A Travel Activity Book for Preschoolers That Encourages Creativity and Learning

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE (TRAVELLING AND HIKING GUIDE BOOKS Book 31)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul: Discover Twice the City in Half the Time | Top Sights | Maps & Walking Tours | Covers Sultanahmet & Sirkeci, Bazaar ... & Western Districts and more (Pocket Guide)

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Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India

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After Happy Ever After: He thinks it's a normal holiday to Istanbul, she has other plans. (Adam's Adventures Book 4)

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The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: The Complete Guide to Planning, Exploring, and Experiencing Istanbul, Turkey – Including Where to Stay, Top Attractions, Local ... Asia: City-by-City Travel Guides Book 3)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light

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God's Battalions: A Study of the Crusades, Christian Warfare, and the Fight for the Holy Land

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Ghost Train to the Eastern Star: On the Tracks of the Great Railway Bazaar

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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The Idiot: A Novel

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Crescent & Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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Great Escapes Mediterranean. The Hotel Book

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High Albania

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Bu film Ankara valiliği tarafından Bilge yazarlar projesi için hazırlanmıştır.

Milli şairimiz Mehmet Akif Ersoy’un bilgeliğinin kaleminin tesir gücünün ve vatanperverliğin genç yazar adaylarına ilham vermesi temennisiyle.

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Travel and History Guide 2026–2027: Famous Landmarks, Historic Mosques & Palaces, Local Neighborhoods,Turkish Food and Traditions, Bosphorus Cruises, Things to Do, Day Trips, Simple Itinerar

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: A First-Timer’s Guide to the Streets, Food, History and Hidden Neighbourhoods of the City Where Europe Meets Asia

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Crescent & Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds

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MY TRIP TO… ISTANBUL – Coloring Book for Kids Ages 3–5.: A Travel Activity Book for Preschoolers That Encourages Creativity and Learning

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Istanbul: The Imperial City

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

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Learn Turkish language self-study (level one for beginners) : Learn to read, write, speak and understand Turkish by yourself, even if you are a beginner ... (Mastering Turkish: Step by Step) Book 1)

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The Essential Travel Guide to Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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The Turkish Cookbook

(475957)

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Shadow of the Silk Road: A 7,000-Mile Journey Through Central Asia―Trade, Religions, and Ideas from China to Turkey (P.S.)

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Bilgelerin Dilinden uzun süren, çok değişik kaynaklardan beslenen bir çalışmadır. Burada “Bilgeler” uygarlığa ışık tutan, dahası uygarlığın doğuşunu, gelişimini sağlayan düşünürlerdir, onların ışığı çağımızı aydınlatıyor.

Bu çalışmada ortaya ürün koyan, uygarlığı belli oranda güç kazandıran tüm ülkelerden örnekler verilmiştir. Bu çalışmaya başlarken bunun birkaç kitap olacağını düşünmüş, taslağını öyle belirlemiştim. Artık yaşlandım, çalışma gücümde bir yorgunlaşma belirtileri seziyorum, ancak değişik sorunlarla ilgili olsa bile, görülse bile pek büyük bir eksiğimin kaldığını sanmıyorum.

Bu çalışma günümüze değin ürünleri kalan, başka içerikli çalışmalara olanak sağlayan, ışıldak olan düşüncelerin kuşbakışı görünmesidir.

Uygarlık hızlı gelişim çizgisi üzerinde yürürken insan sorunlarını gözden uzaklaştırmamış, geçmişle gelecek arasında bir bağlantı sağlamış, geleceği geçmişin güçlü birikimleri üstüne kurmuştur

Bu çalışma günümüze değin ürünleri kalan, başka içerikli çalışmalara olanak sağlayan, ışıldak olan düşüncelerin kuşbakışı görünmesidir.

Uygarlık hızlı gelişim çizgisi üzerinde yürürken insan sorunlarını gözden uzaklaştırmamış, geçmişle gelecek arasında bir bağlantı sağlamış, geleceği geçmişin güçlü birikimleri üstüne kurmuştur. Ancak bu kurmada titizce bir gereç seçiminin yapıldığı, geleceği aydınlatıcı odakların ayıklandığı da unutulmamalı. Uygarlık beslendiğine yeni besinler katarak kendini besleyen evrensel bir sindirimdir. Yaratıcı başların bulunduğu yerde yaratma eyleminin hızı ölçülemez, bir yaratma başka bir yaratmanın basamaklarına basarak yükselir, bu nedenle basamaksız uygarlık olmadığı gibi, bir toprak kabın içine konarak tarihten dışlanmış bir uygarlık yoktur, birtakım aydınların ağızlarından düşmeyen “ölü uygarlıklar” bir gevelemeden öteye gitmez.

Birinci Bölüm İnanç Çağı

Mısır Düşüncesi

• Hu 72
• Sia 74
• Maat 75
• Ptah-Hotep 77
• Ankhu 80
• Amenemhat 82
• Amenemhat III. 84
• Anii 86
• Amenofis IV  90

Mezopotamya Düşüncesi

• Sin Lekke Unnini 105
• İbrani Düşüncesi
• Süleyman’ın Meselleri’nden 116

Hint Düşüncesi

• Buda 128
• Samkhya 130
• Bagavat-Gita 141

İran Düşüncesi

Fenike Düşüncesi

Kartaca Düşüncesi

Çin Düşüncesi

• Lao Tzu. 170
• Konfüçyüs 175
• Mu-dzı 181
• Mo Ti 182
• Chuang-Tse 183
• Shang Yang 184
• Kung-Sun Lung 185
• Cuang Cou 186
• Menf-Tse 187
• Cia-i 188

Anadolu Düşüncesi

• Murşil 202
• Hattuşil 204
• Grekçe’nin Egemenliği-Anadolu’dan Batı’ya-Homeros-Yedi Bilgeler
• Grek Düşüncesi
• Homeros
• Hesiodos
• Yedi Bilgeler
• Solon
• Kleobulos
• Khilon (Kylon)
• Pittakos
• Periandros
• Bias
• Thales

İkinci Bölüm Felsefe Çağı Anadolu Aydınlığı

İlk bilgeler 237

• Thales 242
• Anaksimandros 245
• Anaksimenes 247
• Herakleitos 248
• Ksenophanes 253
• Pythagoras 254
• Parmenides 258
• Zenon 260
• Empedokles 262
• Anaksagoras 266
• Melissos 268
• Philolaos 270
• Arkhelaos 272
• Hippon 274
• Diogenes (Apollonia’lı) 275
• Arkhytas 277
• Atomcu Felsefe 281
• Leukippos 282
• Demokritos 283
• Sofistler
• Protagoras 294
• Gorgias 295
• Hippias 297
• Antiphron (Antiphon) 297
• Alkisamas 299
• Lykophron 300
• Prodikos 300
• Kritias 301
• Kallikles 302
• Sokrates 305

Helen-Roma Çağı Düşüncesi

• Pyrrhon 346
• Timon 347
• Epikuros 348
• Stoa Düşüncesi
• Zenon 364
• Kleanthes 366
• Arkesilaos 367
• Khrysippos 368
• Karneades  369
• Panaitios 370
• Philon 371
• Antiokhos 371
• Posidonios 371
• Roma Düşüncesi
• Cicero 378
• Lucretius Carus 385
• Lucretius’tan Seçmeler 392
• Seneca 399
• Seneca’dan Seçmeler 402
• Epiktetos 409
• Marcus Aurelius 416
• Son Dönem Kuşkuculuğu
• Ainesidemos 431
• Agrippa 433
• Menodotos 434
• Seztos Empeirikos 435
• Empeirikos’tan Seçmeler 437
• Stoacılar
• Sextus Quintius 445

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