Benim bu akademik çalışmalarla ilgili söyleyeceğim şöyle bir şey var biz araştırma şeklimiz ile ilgili bazı değişiklikler yapmalıyız kanaatımca. O da şu Türkiye son dönemde alan uzmanlığına önem vermeye başladı. Çok doğru, yani farklı bölgelere yüksek lisans ve doktoraya öğrenci götürüyoruz. Ama fiilen burada şöyle bir sorun var. Mekanizmanın işlemeyen bir kısmı var. O da şu.

Mesela bölge dili için diyelim Hindistan’a gönderdik ama İngilizce yüksek lisans veya doktora yapıp dönüyorlar ve bölge dili öğrenilmiyor. Bu tabii gençlerimizin suçu değil, oradaki akademik kuruluşlar da buna bazen imkan vermiyor, yeni düzenlemeye ihtiyacımız var bana göre, o da şöyle.  Ana bölgelerle ilgili güçlü araştırma enstitüleri kurup, araştırma sahada araştırma bursu vermeliyiz öğrencilerimize, yani nedir bu, bursu gidip tayin edilmiş Hinduca kursunda Hinduca öğrenmek için almalı, sonrasında da diyelim mesela Dravitlerle ilgili araştırma yapacak veya işte oradaki Türk nüfusunun bakiyeleri ile ilgili folklorik araştırma yapacak, mimari araştırma yapacak, o araştırmayı fonlamalıyız, ama yerine gidecek ve yerinde araştırma yapacak.

Şimdi bizdeki doktora çalışmalarının çoğu ikincil kaynaklar üzerinde yorum ve analize dayanıyor. Ele kalem kağıt alıp kişilerle görüşme bunun yöntemlerini de çokça öğretmiyoruz, sahaya inmek, dolaşmak, ayakkabı eskitmek, tanımak, anlamak. Bunlar Türkiye’nin artık ihtiyaç duyduğu bilgi için çok önemli, çünkü kurulu paradigma yani biz şu anda sosyolojide şurada burada batı paradigması içindeyiz, bir değişim olmadı Akademide.

Ama siz kendi gözünüzle Asya‘yı yorumlayacaksanız bu paradigmanın üzerini örttüğü, görmediği bilgiye ulaşmalısınız, bunun bir boyutu teorik, bir boyutu da pratik, sahada sahaya dokunarak bilgiyi çıkarmalısınız, sözlü tarihe gitmelisiniz, konuşturmalısınız, dinlemelisiniz, anlayıp sentezlemelisiniz, orada bulduğunuzu buraya getirmelisiniz, o yüzden iyi düşünülmüş bir sistemdir, alan uzmanlığının teşvik edilmesi, ama fiiliyatta mesela İskandinavya‘ya öğrenci göndermişsiniz, ben danışmanlık şeylerinden biliyorum, diyor ki üniversitede bize şu konuyu çalıştırtmıyorlar diyor, mesela İskandinavya çalışmak istiyorum diyor, onun için biz göndermişiz, danışmanların tamamı reddediyor, sen Türkiye çalış yani Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu politikasını çalış İskandinav Üniversitesi’nde biz bunu tez olarak kabul edelim.

O zaman ne oluyor bizim alan uzmanlığı için ayırdığımız kaynak boşa gidiyor, o zaman ne yapmak lazım. Burada bir İskandinav Enstitüsü kurmak lazım, doktora programında burada kayıtlı olacak, buradaki tez konusunu araştırmak için İskandinavya’ya bursla gidecek, dil için gidecek. O kuruluşlarla bu araştırma konuları üzerinden ilişki kurmak lazım, ilişki modelini değiştirmezsek kaynaklarımız bizim murat ettiğimiz, ayırdığımız kaynaklardan murat ettiğimiz sonucu alamayacağız bir çok bölge ile ilgili.

Çok birşey yapmak isteyen bir genç nüfus var ama buna biz uygun sistemi kurmalıyız ve bundan da gocunmamalıyız, yani eksikliği gördük hemen değiştirebilmeliyiz.

Prof Dr Mehmet Akif Okur

DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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After Happy Ever After: He thinks it's a normal holiday to Istanbul, she has other plans. (Adam's Adventures Book 4)

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Easy Turkish Phrase Book for Travel: 1500+ Essential Phrases for Vacation, Restaurants, Hotels & Everyday Conversations in Turkey: The Ultimate Guide ... Local Slang & Essential Survival Phrases

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: A First-Timer’s Guide to the Streets, Food, History and Hidden Neighbourhoods of the City Where Europe Meets Asia

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The Idiot: A Novel

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Shadow of the Silk Road: A 7,000-Mile Journey Through Central Asia―Trade, Religions, and Ideas from China to Turkey (P.S.)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

(46525)

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An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels by Evliya Çelebi

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

(42516)

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2000 Most Common Turkish Words in Context: Get Fluent & Increase Your Turkish Vocabulary with 2000 Turkish Phrases (Turkish Language Lessons)

(435244)

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Kaan Arslanoğlu‘nun, Atatürk’ün Dil ve Tarih Tezi söyleşisi bende Atatürk’ün Tezleri kavramını oluşturdu. Etkileşim her zaman üretkenlik ile eşdeğer.

Başlıkları Tezler ve Fikirler olarak ayırıp tezleri öne çıkarmamız daha uygun olacaktır. Atatürk sadece cumhuriyet ve laiklik kavramlarına indirgendiği için tezler kaybolup gidiyor.

TEZLER

1. Güneş-Dil ve Türk Dil Tezi
2. Türk Tarih Tezi
3. Dil Tarih Coğrafya
4. Türk Alfabesi
5. 6 Ok Doktrini
6. Türk Denizcileşmesi ve Türk Deniz Jeopolitiği
7. Ulus kavramı
8. Savaş Sanatı
9. Bin Yıl: Bin yıllık Ortaçağ Saltanatı ve Hilafet Karşıtlığı
10. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

https://www.insanbu.com/kaan-arslanoglu-Haberleri/877-ataturkun-dil-ve-tarih-tezi-dis-gucleri-neden-cok-tedirgin-etti-

Atatürk‘ün Dil Tezi, Güneş-Dil Kuramı / Kaan Arslanoğlu youtu.be

Atatürk‘ün Güneş-Dil Kuramı ırkçı bir kuram mı? youtu.be

‘Türk’ bilim adamları hakir gördü… Onlar Atatürk‘ün dil tezini savundu: Türkçe’yi yücelten Ermeniler odatv.com

FİKİR VE DÜŞÜNCELER

Dava

• Cumhuriyet
• Misak-ı Milli
• Türklük
• Tam Bağımsızlık; Manda Karşıtlığı
• Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm. Hürriyet ve İstiklal. Vatan ve Hürriyet
• Devrimcilik-Yenilikçilik
• Muasır Medeniyet
• Anadolu en az 7 bin yıllık Türk beşiğidir.
• Gençliğe Emanet
• Bilimcilik. Hayatta en hakiki mürşit bilimdir, fendir.
• Denizcilik
• Türkiye Halkı=Türk Ulusu
• Kültürel Milliyetçilik. Ne mutlu Türküm diyene
• Yurtta Barış Dünyada Barış
• Kayıp Haklarımız
• Türk Yurdu Hatay
• İlk hedef Akdeniz

Devlet

• Halkçılık. Halkın Devleti
• Egemenlik
• Tekalif-i Milliye
• Kuvayı Milliye
• Heyeti Temsiliye
• Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti

Dil

• Dil tarih coğrafya fakültesi tezi

Din

• Devlet ve Din işlerinin birbirinden ayrılması
• Amelde Hanefi; İtikatde Maturidi İslamiyet

Düşünce

• Akılcılık, gerçekçilik
• Hayalperest olmayan İdealizm
• Kadın Hakları
• Çocuklar
• Doğaya olan saygısı
• Sınıfsal ayrım karşıtlığı. Biz bize benzeriz
• Hititler ve Arkeoloji Kazıları
• Liderlik
• İş Bankası
• İzmir İktisat Kongresi

Dış Dünya

• Mayalar Aztekler
• Atlantis
• Sümerler
• Mu kıtası
• Mazlum Milletlerin bağımsızlık hakları için mücadele
• Şark’tan Doğan Güneş
• Türk ve Dünya kültür miraslarına sahip çıkma anlayışı..
• İnsanlık ve Uygarlık

.

Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: A First-Timer’s Guide to the Streets, Food, History and Hidden Neighbourhoods of the City Where Europe Meets Asia

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

(5053)

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The Essential Travel Guide To Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

(49518)

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MY TRIP TO… ISTANBUL – Coloring Book for Kids Ages 3–5.: A Travel Activity Book for Preschoolers That Encourages Creativity and Learning

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Black Sea: Dispatches and Recipes – Through Darkness and Light

(475230)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

(43538)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

(43578)

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Travel and leisure magazine istanbul: A Guide For First Time Travelers

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Notes on a Foreign Country: An American Abroad in a Post-American World

(435492)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Bake Sale

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

(465503)

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The Idiot: A Novel

(3855533)

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The Turkish Cookbook

(475957)

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2000 Most Common Turkish Words in Context: Get Fluent & Increase Your Turkish Vocabulary with 2000 Turkish Phrases (Turkish Language Lessons)

(435244)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

(45534)

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An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels by Evliya Çelebi

(42564)

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God's Battalions: A Study of the Crusades, Christian Warfare, and the Fight for the Holy Land

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“Benim evimde benim hatırladığım en önemli şey kütüphaneydi, o kadar okunmazdı ama kütüphane çok saygı duyulan bir şeydi oradan beslenmesi en faydalı alışkanlık bu olabilir evde hep bir kütüphane bulundurmak. Bu kaçınılmaz bir şekilde sizin zaten var olan potansiyelinizin üzerine bir şey inşa etmenizi sağlayan malzemeyi oluşturuyor. Kültür yoksa yapacak hiçbir şey yok yani insan kendi kendine bir dil icat edemiyor hazır bir potansiyelle gelmiyor işte kültürel canlı olmanın bir negatif tarafı da bu kötü bir yere doğarsan kötü gidiyor işler aslında fırsat eşitsizliği orada.”

Prof Dr Sinan Canan. Dil ve kültürün ilişkisi? / Prof. Dr. Sinan Canan & Fatih Altaylı – Teke Tek Bilim. Dk. 29.49 https://youtu.be/1rwGyUY83P4?si=GPeLFEZd7e9WmKnF

Turkey Travel Guide 2026: Complete Companion for Istanbul, Cappadocia, Ephesus, and Antalya with Cultural Etiquette, Archaeological Sites, Budget Strategies, Transportation Options, and Turkish Exper

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

(5053)

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Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India

(435127)

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

(43538)

$7.31 (as of 15/08/2026 02:11 GMT +03:00 - More infoProduct prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on [relevant Amazon Site(s), as applicable] at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.)

Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

(4554)

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE (TRAVELLING AND HIKING GUIDE BOOKS Book 31)

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Türk Düşünür ve Filozoflar

Sevgili Doğan Göçmen hocam;

1. Yazınızda değindiğiniz filozofların düşünürlerin kavramlar üzerindeki gezintileri inanın insanın başını döndürüyor. Büyük bir zihinsel zenginlik bu
2. ⁠ Felsefi kavramlar geliştirme konusunda özellikle Alman filozoflarlar çok büyük çabalar harcamışlar.
3. ⁠ Türk düşünür ve filozoflara bu açıdan yaklaştığımızda nasıl bir karşılaştırma yapabiliriz.
4. ⁠ Bildiğim kadarıyla felsefe ile ilgili tercüme eserlerde kavramların türkçeye tercümesi konusunda çabalar ve çalışmalar görüyorum.
5. ⁠ Avrupalı filozoflar benzeri yeni felsefi kavramlar ortaya koyma konusunda ne durumdayız.
6. ⁠Türk felsefi kavramlar sözlüğüne baktığımızda (klasik dönemler ve çağdaş dönem) kavramsal bir zenginlik görebilmekte miyiz.
7.⁠ Yazınızda değindiğiniz ve filozofların işlediği Commonwealth kavramı aynı zamanda İngiliz Uluslar Topluluğunun da marka ismi.
8: Bu bana çok ilgi çekici geldi. İngiliz devleti felsefi referanslarla ilerliyor.
9. Biz neden benzer bir gelişme içerisinde değiliz.
10. Örneğin Kutadgu Bilig neden kurumsal bir adlandırma olarak da değerlendirilmemiş.

Hocam çok teşekkür ederim iyi bir hafta sonu dileklerimle

Levent Ağaoğlu

“Commonwealth” ve “Res publica” Kavramlarına Dair Kısa Bir Not

Eskilerin res publica ve civitas kavramlarından tam olarak ne anladığı, bunların modern anlamda devlet kavramıyla (-ki modern anlamda devletten bahsedilince, bununla genellikle ulus-devlet kastedilir) ne kadar örtüşüp örtüşmediği sorusu kendi başına bir araştırma ve çalışma konusudur. Bu kısa notun amacı, acilen gerekli olan böyle kapsamlı bir çalışmadan çok Hobbes’un commonwealth kavramının anlamını ortaya çıkarmak için bazı arkaplan bilgisi oluşturmaktır.

Bu kısa not ile Hobbes ve Leviathan üzerine verdiğim derslerde commonwealth kavramının “ortak varlık” olarak çevrilmesi gerektiğine dair ileri sürdüğüm iddiamı kısa da olsa gerekçelendirmek istiyorum. Böylelikle derslere katılan tartışma arkadaşlarıma verdiğim sözü bu kısa notla da olsa bir bakıma yerine getirmiş oluyorum.

Bilindiği üzere commonwealth, kelimesi kelimesine “ortak zenginlik” veya “ortak refah” olarak çevrilebilir ve günlük dilde bu şekilde çevrilmesinde ve kullanılmasında büyük bir sorun yoktur. Fakat kavram toplum ve siyaset felsefesinde belli bir anlam kazanmıştır. En geç Thomas Hobbes’un ortaya koyduğu toplum ve devlet kuramını “Common-Wealth” başlığı altında sunmasından bu yana aynı zamanda toplum ve siyaset felsefesinin en temel kavramlarından biri olmuştur. Bu nedenle kavramı basit bir şekilde “ortak refah” ve/veya “ortak zenginlik” olarak çevirmek yetmemektedir.

Hobbes, kavramı, genellikle ilk akla gelen res publica kavramıyla değil, bunun yerine civitas kavramıyla eş anlamda kullanıyor ve İngilizceye “devlet” (State) olarak çeviriyor. Belki de özellikle Hobbes’un commonwealth kavramını bu şekilde devlet kavramıyla eş anlamda kullanması ve bunu civitas kavramıyla eş anlamlı kılması nedeniyle kavram, İngilizcede sıkça devlet kavramıyla eşanlamda kullanılmaktadır. Fakat, commonwealth, örneğin Almanca ve Fransızca gibi birçok başka dillere de sıkça “devlet” olarak çevrilir.

Fakat Almancaya çevirirken Hobbes’un bu iki sözcüğü kavramlaştırırken etkili olan eskilerin “toplum”, “devlet” ve “yurttaş” gibi kavramlarla modernlerin bu kavramlara dair sahip olduğu anlam bakımından farkları dikkate alanlar daha dikkatlidir. Örneğin Leviathan’nın Suhrkamp baskısı için çeviren Walter Euchner kavramı Almancaya bazen, özellikle Hobbes’un, örneğin Leviathan’a girişte olduğu gibi, commonwealth ve state kavramlarını aynı cümle içinde kullandığı yerlerde “Gemeinwesen” olarak çevirmeyi tercih etmiştir –ki bu semantik olarak çok daha doğrudur.

Buna karşın Cicero’nun eserinin Artemis yayınevinden çıkan baskısının çevirmeni ve yayımcısı Karl Büchner, res publica kavramını ilkesel olarak Gemeinwesen kavramıyla karşılamıştır –ki eserin bu çevirisi bugün Almanca konuşulan dünyada klasikleşmiştir. Bu bağlamda Gemeinwesen kavramını Türkçeye “ortak varlık” olarak çevirmenin en iyi seçenek olduğu kanısındayım.

Fakat kavram klasik metinlerden Türkçeye aktarılırken genellikle “devlet” kavramıyla karşılanır. Başka dillere de kavram, etimolojisine ve semantiğine çok dikkat edilmeden sıkça “devlet” (the state, der Staat, l’Etat) olarak çevrilir. Kavramın Türkçeye de devlet olarak çevrilmesine en çok sebep olan belki de bu durumdur. Fakat hâlihazırda bu son derece yanlış ve yanıltıcıdır. Eskilerin ne “devlet” kavramı, ne “kamuoyu” kavramı ne de kamusal olan kavramı bizimkiyle örtüşüyor.

Aynı şekilde Rönesans döneminin ‘modernleri’ bu kavramları tam olarak bugün bizim kullandığımızla aynı anlamda kullanmıyor. Onlar bu konuda hem daha çok emin değiller (ki Adam Smith “sovereign” ve “commonwealth” kavramlarını eş anlamda kullanır WN I, 12) hem de kavramsal anlam bakımında eskilere daha yakındırlar. Aşağıda daha ayrıntılı olarak açıklayacağım nedenlerden ötürü, kavramı, Euchner’in önerisini dikkate alarak Türkçede de “ortak varlık” olarak karşılamayı tercih ediyorum.

Hobbes’un commonwealth kavramıyla tam olarak neyi kastettiğini görmek için belki de öncelikli olarak Cicero’nun, Rönesans döneminde neredeyse bir kült kitabı olan De re publica adlı diyaloğuna bakmak yerinde olacaktır. Zira Hobbes commonwealth kavramını Platon veya Aristoteles’ten çok Cicero’dan esinlenerek geliştirir. Öncelikle belirtecek olursak; Cicero, res publica kavramını, politeia kavramını eski Yunancadan Latinceye çevirmek üzere “teknik bir terim” olarak kullanmaktadır.

Bu bakımdan eski Yunanca politeia kavramı ile Latince res publica kavramları arasında semantik olarak bir “akrabalık”, bir anlam benzerliği vardır denebilir. Sonra; cumhuriyet (republic) kavramının da kökeni olan res publica kavramı kelimesi kelimesine “kamusal şeyler” anlamına gelmektedir, fakat bunu “kamusal meseleler” olarak almak en doğrusu olur. Cicero, De re publica’da (I,39) bu anlamda “res populi” (halkın şeyleri, halkı ilgilendiren şeyler) diyor. Zetzel kavramı İngilizceye “the concern of the people” olarak çeviriyor. Bu nedenle her iki kavramı da “halkın meselesi” veya “halkı ilgilendiren” olarak anlamlandırmak da hem res publica hem de commonwealth kavramlarına dair verimli yeni bakışlara yol açabilir. Zira Cicero da “res publica res populi” (kamusal meseleler/şeyler halkın meselesidir) kavramını kullanır.

Hobbes’un kullandığı commonwealth kavramının kökeni ve mümkün genel anlamına dair yaptığım bu açıklamalardan sonra kavramın siyaset felsefesini daha yakından ilgilendiren daha dar anlamına gelelim. Zetzel, Cicero’nun res publica kavramını farklı bağlamlarda deyim olarak rem publicam adire veya rem publicum gerere (kelimesi kelimesine “kamusal şeye yaklaşmak” veya “kamusal şeyi yerine getirmek”) anlamında kullandığına işaret ediyor. Bu bize kavramın daha çok politik anlamına giriş yapma olanağı sunuyor. Bu anlamda res publica kavramı hükümete katılmak ve politik makam sahibi olmak olarak da tanımlanabilir.

Bundan hareketle kavram, hükümetin anayasal biçimi anlamında alınabilir, bazı katılımcı cumhuriyet biçimlerini betimlemek için kullanılabilir. Bu bakımdan da res publica kavramı ahlaki olarak meşru olan anayasaları betimler sadece. Burada kavramın dar anlamına ilişkin söylediklerim belki de şu şekilde özetlenebilir: res publica kavramı bir devletin anayasal boyutlarına işaret eder –ki burada söz konusu olan özellikle devletin içindeki gücün yapılandırılmasıdır.

Burada kullanılan devlet kavramı bizi res publica kavramı ile eş anlamda kullanılan ve Hobbes’un da örneğin Leviathan’da commonwealth kavramı ile eş anlamda kullandığı başka bir kavrama, civitas kavramına götürüyor. Bilindiği üzere civitas kavramı yurttaş anlamına gelen civis kavramından türetilmiştir ve topluluk/toplum olarak bir araya gelmiş bireylerden oluşur. Bu kavram bugün modern dillerde “devlet” olarak karşılanmak istenirse, bu ancak oldukça nötr terim olarak mümkündür. Zira civitas kavramı devletin meşruluğu ve gücün yapılandırması üzerine herhangi bir şey içermez.

Bu bakımdan civitas kavramı tek başına res publica kavramına eş anlamda alınamaz. Zetzel, civitas kavramının herhangi bir sıfat tamlaması olmadan tek başına res publica kavramına eş anlamda alınabilmesinin doğru olmayacağını belirtiyor. Bunun ancak tüzük, durum, yer ve mevki gibi anlamları içeren status kavramıyla beraber, yani status civilis olarak kullanılması durumunda mümkün olabileceğini ileri sürmektedir.

Kant’ın Ahlakın Metafiziği’nde bu kavramlara dair sunmuş olduğu tanım, Zetzel’in konuya dair açıklamalarını desteklemektedir. Kant eserinde Devlet Hukuku’na kavramsal giriş olarak kaleme aldığı 43. paragrafta önce kamusal hukuk kavramını tanımlar. Kamusal hukuk, bir insan çokluğunun, yani bir halkın ya da “karşılıklı etkileşim içinde olan halklar çokluğunun” ilişkilerini kalıcı ve güvenilir bir şekilde düzenlemek için, “onları bir irade altında birleştiren hukuksal duruma, anayasaya (constitutio) ihtiyaç duyanların” kendilerine bir anayasa vermelerinin ardından zamanla oluşan “yasalar sistemidir”.

Oluşan bu sistemin amacı, herkese payına düşeni garanti etmek ve elde etmesini sağlamaktır. Bu duruma Kant, halk içinde bireylerin birbirleriyle ilişkilenmesi sonucu oluşması halinde “sivil durum” (bürgerlich; status civilis), bütünün kendi üyeleriyle (Glieder) ilişkilenmesi durumuna devlet (Staat; civitas) ve devlete, yani düzenlenmiş bir yasal durumda olmak için sisteminin biçim bakımından herkesin ortak çıkarının birliği olması durumuna, “ortak varlık” (gemeine Wesen res publica latius sic dicta) der.
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Wonders of Istanbul: A Photo Collection of the City’s Most Beautiful Places to See – A Stunning Coffee Table Travel Photobook

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Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Travel and leisure magazine istanbul: A Guide For First Time Travelers

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MY TRIP TO… ISTANBUL – Coloring Book for Kids Ages 3–5.: A Travel Activity Book for Preschoolers That Encourages Creativity and Learning

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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DK Istanbul: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Sultanahmet, Beyoglu, & more (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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The Essential Travel Guide To Turkiye: Iconic Sights, Authentic Food and Smart Travel Tips From A Local (Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya and Beyond)

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The Turkish Cookbook

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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God's Battalions: A Study of the Crusades, Christian Warfare, and the Fight for the Holy Land

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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İpek Yolu Zoom Haritası  https://easyzoom.com/imageaccess/ec482e04c2b240d4969c14156bb6836f

11-12.yüzyıl İpek Yolu Haritaları /Medieval Trade Routes 11-12th Centuries

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: A First-Timer’s Guide to the Streets, Food, History and Hidden Neighbourhoods of the City Where Europe Meets Asia

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DK Turkey: Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Istanbul, Cappadocia, Antalya, Bod (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Travel and leisure magazine istanbul: A Guide For First Time Travelers

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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DK Top 10 Istanbul: Top 10 lists for your perfect trip, plus an all-weather folded map (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye: Plan the Trip of a Lifetime | Detailed Itineraries & Maps | Insider Tips | Covers Istanbul, Troy, Izmir and more (Travel Guide)

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Istanbul For First Timers: A Local's Travel Guide To Turkiye's Hidden Gems and Culture

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Istanbul: Memories and the City (Vintage International)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkish Phrasebook & Dictionary

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The Idiot: A Novel

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Lonely Planet The Mediterranean: Over 30 Mesmerising Cities & Islands | 15 Weekend Long Road Trip Itineraries | Tips on Where to Eat & What to See | Stunning Photography

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Rick Steves Mediterranean Cruise Ports (Rick Steves Travel Guide)

(45568)

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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