Turkey, exotic, colorful, many-faceted, romantic, ever- old and ever new, is the gateway and the key to the fabled East. It is in the context of its unique geographic location and its age long history that its religious sites continue to be significant.

Speaking in more concrete terms, turkey includes the large Peninsula of western Asia, called both Asia minor and Anatolia, and a part of Thrace in Europe.

It is it is roughly a rectangular.

Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook (Pocket Rough Guides)

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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Picture Book of Istanbul: Largest City in Türkieye and Former Known as Constantinople – See the Blue Mosque, Haga Sofia and More in this city Located ... Europe and Asia (Travel Coffee Table Books)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: Explore History, Culture & Hidden Gems – Your Complete City Guide to Hagia Sophia, Grand Bazaar, Bosphorus, and Beyond

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025/2026: Sultanahmet, Beyoğlu: Shopping and Nightlife, Kadıköy, Balat and Fener, Markets and Shopping,Hagia Sophia,Must-See ... Galata Tower. (Best Travel Guides 2025)

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Opulent Istanbul: A Journey In Style

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Turkey Map 758 (Maps/Country (Michelin))

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Exploring Turkey's Biblical Heritage: An Inspirational and Historical Travel Guide

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Turkey Travel and Exploration Guide - 2025: The Ultimate Traveler's Guide to Turkey from the Experiences of a Local Guide

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Türkiye: Everything You Need to Know

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Map shows where the Roman emperors died. From Augustus to Augustulus.

Roman Emperors’ Graveyards

1. Italy
2. Turkey

Rum means Roman, not Greek.

RE starts in Italy, then restarts and ends in Turkey.
Roman Empire restarted in 1453 in Istanbul Turkey and ended in end 1922 in Turkey.

The meaning of Hagia Sophia (577) and Kutadgu Bilig (1072) by Kaşgarli Mahmud of Kasghar in Eastern Turkestan is the same: SACRED WISDOM. It is your choice to be with or without wisdom.

Roman Empire: https://twitter.com/search?q=%40xruiztru%20roman%20&src=typed_query

Number of Roman Theatres and Amphitheatres per country.

Source: http://bit.ly/3d5thGP

The rise and fall of the Roman Empire in 2 minutes! ✨
pic.twitter.com/WWGouc7Jwx

— Xavi Ruiz (@xruiztru) January 1, 2021

The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World

The Mini Rough Guide to Istanbul and the Aegean Coast: Travel Guide with eBook

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Pocket Rough Guide Istanbul: Travel Guide with eBook (Pocket Rough Guides)

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Turkey Travel Guide 2025: "Easy Planning for an Unforgettable Visit”

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Istanbul: A Collection of Beautiful Photos for Istanbul Lovers, Coffee Table Picture Book (Travel Photography)

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Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2026 (Full-Color): From Hagia Sophia to the Spice Bazaar, Bosphorus to Topkapi Palace, Experience the History, Food, Art, Shopping, Nightlife and Adventures of This Timeless City

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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DK Top 10 Istanbul (Pocket Travel Guide)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2026: Top Places to Visit, Things to Do, Exploring Neighborhood, Itineraries, Festivals and Events, Food and Drink, Shopping, ... History And Culture. (EXPLORE THE GLOBE)

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Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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Turkey Map 758 (Maps/Country (Michelin))

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Picture Book of Türkiye: a Country Located in Two Continents – Europe and Asia – See Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Marmaris and More (Travel Coffee Table Books)

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A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey

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Istanbul: Memories and the City

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The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Turkey Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures through Rich History, Turkish Delights, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

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Ottoman history has a meaning beyond the history of Turkey and the Turks. Today, we know that more than twenty countries in the Balkans, the Danube, the Middle East and North Africa, which have different languages, religions, races and political regimes, are facing some common problems as the owners of a common heritage. These problems are to some extent the living history of the Ottoman Empire. There were three “Roman Empires” in the Mediterranean world. These three Romes were political social systems with their own traditional structures and ideologies, different from the nationalist empires of the new ages. The third and last of these traditional Roman empires is the Ottoman Empire. That is why we say that examining the institutions and structure of this empire has a meaning beyond examining the history of the Turks.

This historical phenomenon is the common destiny and common past of the people in the Mediterranean region. Today, people on three continents have begun to look at problems with a more rational eye. “The history of the Third Roman Empire is the memory of the common past of all these peoples, sometimes with disasters and sometimes with honorable events. As each of the peoples in the Ottoman countries takes their place in the modern world, they will review the characteristics and diseases they have acquired from this common heritage together and seek precautions.

Great empires in our region at the beginning of the Middle Ages

The Middle East and the Mediterranean region is a world where the first agricultural activities were seen, and therefore urbanization and organized society, in short, the state emerged. Urbanization and organization seen around rivers in ancient times could not have occurred in arid lands. For this reason, the states created by river civilizations and fertile regions could easily dominate large areas throughout history, and the Mediterranean-Middle East world, the cradle of this civilization, witnessed the birth and continuation of great empires.

These regions have not been able to leave the traditional agricultural order and make the agricultural technological revolution for ages. The Mediterranean and Middle Eastern empires of the early and middle ages had to organize irrigation facilities to prevent drought and famine, transportation and accommodation for the continuation of trade.

In this part of the world, where arid and low-density lands stretched as far as possible, small statelets did not have a chance to survive as in Western Europe of the Middle Ages. However, a political delegation that controlled large regions had a chance for power.

For this, the medieval eastern state is the great empire. However, the primitiveness of transportation and communication technology and the inadequacy of the means of control (such as postal, bureaucratic organization, monetary system, etc.) have caused the fact that a widely used description for the eastern monarchies, namely the centralized-state type, does not exist technically.

Peasant and artisanal groups have always been subordinated to the management of local control groups. In other words, classical feudalism first emerged in Middle Eastern societies and continued until late times. However, local powers prevented the formation of a legal economic infrastructure and organization that would establish an independent state. Therefore, central state power prevailed.

In our Turkish, there are not only Arabic and Persian idioms, but also a heap of words from Italian, Greek, Syriac, Hungarian, eastern and southern Slavic languages. Likewise, many Turkish words and idioms can be found in these languages. Even this situation shows that there is no civilization that remains unique in the Mediterranean-Middle East region. The history and social order of Turkey is also a synthesis of the Mediterranean. For this reason, we enter our subject by examining the state and social order of the Sassanids, Byzantines, Arabs and Italians.

We live in this synthesis at every stage of our daily lives. Turkish cuisine is a Balkan-Middle East synthesis. It was the Ottoman order of the 16th century that brought Hungarian goulash, Rumelian vegetable dishes to the warm provinces of Mesopotamia, and Mesopotamian desserts to the tables of distant Balkan peoples.

From the Balkan states to the sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf, it is possible to see the remnants of this administration everywhere. The borders of the republics that make up the Arab world are to some extent the borders of the former Ottoman provinces. Sometimes, it is not exactly like that, and there is a problem like in Iraq. The border of administrative units in Bulgaria is the old sanjak. The remnants of the Ottoman land system create problems in the countries where the private property regime is observed. Mecelle was in effect in Arab countries until recently.

The Middle East region has been the world of great empires. In this region, where writing was used, organized society and urbanization were seen for the first time, small states did not have a chance to survive throughout history, except during times of depression and migration. There is no other region where cultural interaction and assimilation is so strong. In the arid lands of the Middle East, where neither the small state nor the original small society culture has a chance to survive, one of the small states dominates the other small ones, just as only one of the eaglets has a chance to survive.

Civilization was born in the Middle East-Mediterranean region. But we see that traditional culture and technology started to change in the 20th century. Because of this change, the Middle East world is a whole of countries where big problems are experienced. The knowledge of Ottoman history gives the opportunity to approach these problems. The geographical composition of the Ottoman countries has changed continuously throughout the six centuries of life of the state.

Conquests and territorial losses changed the ethnic composition of the people of the country as well as the administrative division of the country. In fact, there is no need to enumerate all these changes here. Moreover, the historical geography of the Ottoman country is still far from being an issue that scientists can solve. However, when we look at the borders of the 17th century, we encounter the following situation.

The borders of the Ottoman country, starting from Transylvania and Transdanubian Hungary in the west, follow the entire Danube basin to the Black Sea, and include the Dalmatian coast, the Mediterranean islands and the whole Peloponnese-Peloponnese in the south. border in the north; Podolia extends to the steppes of Ukraine, including the Crimean peninsula, via Wallachia-Boğdan.

This whole area, together with the privileged principality, the statelets under the protection and the provinces attached to the center, constitute the Rumelia part. In the east, the border starting from Azerbaijan and Luristan included the Southern Caucasus, the protectorate and dependent states in the North Caucasus, and finally the entire Anatolian continent, Al Jazeera, Syria and Lower Mesopotamia as provinces affiliated to the center. If we consider Arabia and the Hejaz lands with the status of privileged principality, the Asian continent of the empire will be completed. In Africa, if we count Egypt, a part of Abyssinia, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria, which are called Western Hearths, we will have roughly completed the composition of the country.

It is clear that this whole area does not have a homogeneous population. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that the state does not have a homogeneous administrative-financial structure. This is the situation that has made Ottoman history a series of problems that are difficult to solve. That’s why we generally have to be limited when dealing with issues, and the problems of the Anatolian continent will be binding for us.

There are studies that need to be done in rural and urban areas in order to know the Ottoman history. History and sociology are disciplines that should benefit from each other’s results. The concepts of sociology are the language of history. History is the laboratory of sociology. He will learn the methods and techniques for approaching historical scientific problems from sociology. The future of Turkish historiography; depends on human geography, toponymy, financial history research.

Source: Prof İlber Ortaylı. Türkiye Teşkilat ve İdare Tarihi

Istanbul & Northwest Turkey Travel Reference Map WP

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Istanbul: A Collection of Beautiful Photos for Istanbul Lovers, Coffee Table Picture Book (Travel Photography)

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The Essential Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: Things to know before visiting, best attractions, best hidden gems, Antiquated culture, culinary delights, travel budgets, itineraries & staying safe

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Turkey Travel Guide 2025: "Easy Planning for an Unforgettable Visit”

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2026 (Full-Color): From Hagia Sophia to the Spice Bazaar, Bosphorus to Topkapi Palace, Experience the History, Food, Art, Shopping, Nightlife and Adventures of This Timeless City

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Opulent Istanbul: A Journey In Style

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Picture Book of Istanbul: Largest City in Türkieye and Former Known as Constantinople – See the Blue Mosque, Haga Sofia and More in this city Located ... Europe and Asia (Travel Coffee Table Books)

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2026: Your travel companion To Explore and Enjoy the attractions of this must-visit destination. (Epic Journeys Travel Series)

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025/2026: Sultanahmet, Beyoğlu: Shopping and Nightlife, Kadıköy, Balat and Fener, Markets and Shopping,Hagia Sophia,Must-See ... Galata Tower. (Best Travel Guides 2025)

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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Turkey Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures through Rich History, Turkish Delights, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Picture Book of Türkiye: a Country Located in Two Continents – Europe and Asia – See Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Marmaris and More (Travel Coffee Table Books)

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Turkey for Kids: Travel Guide and Activity Book: Discover Turkish Culture, History, Landmarks and Traditions through Games, Puzzles and Fun Facts (Junior Globetrotters)

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Exploring Turkey's Biblical Heritage: An Inspirational and Historical Travel Guide

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Türkiye (Turkey) Map (National Geographic Adventure Map, 3018)

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The Mediterranean belt we are in; It is a world consisting of Spain, Southern France, Greece and Anatolia, and in our south the North African coasts and Egypt due to the abundance of the Nile. This belt of ancient civilizations shifts to Iran via Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, which is called the Eastern Mediterranean, and extends from there to India and China. The peoples around the Mediterranean and in Iran have been in a fusion and interaction since ancient times. Apart from these, as the 12th century Andalusian writer Kadı Ahmed El Endulusi said, the northerners, those in the north of the Danube and the Alps, and those in the south of Egypt and the Southern Mediterranean, are outside the civilization zone due to climatic and geographical conditions and are not creative. There are slogans that we repeat without knowing or thinking about, such as “Turkey is a bridge between civilizations, its historical riches are endless”. However, we need to think and consider them based on a certain knowledge.

Although Anatolia is not a continent where writing was found like Mesopotamia and Egypt, or even where the first example of a city-state emerged. But as time, he adopted and followed Mesopotamia and its written civilization, arts and crafts very quickly and stepped into written history in 2 thousand BC. A similar development, provided that it is not very intense, can only be seen in today’s Europe around the millennium. Today’s France, Britain and the south of Germany waited for the conquests of Julius Caesar, this famous commander and statesman, in order to step into the civilized history of humanity. For example, the Iranians are a nation that has introduced themselves to humanity since 1500 BC, that is, they write.

Of course, Persian has been written for 2,500 years, despite the changes it has undergone over time. The same is true for Greek. Arabic dominated Egypt and Syria in the middle ages with the Islamic conquests, but the languages ​​that preceded it, namely Egypt’s Coptic language, Syria’s Aramaic, still live in church worship and written literature. In Anatolia, languages ​​and ethnic groups disappeared one after another, but the architectural and artistic remnants of material civilization continued uninterruptedly. The last conquerors to come to Anatolia, let us frankly say, are the last people on earth to appropriate and translate a country as their culture, religion and language.

Even the Germanization of Europe was completed five centuries before Sultan Alparslan’s victory at Manzikert. Despite this identity change, Anatolia’s riches live above and below the ground, under a historical integrity. Anatolia started late but progressed rapidly Turkey is also the leader in the Mediterranean region in terms of variety and density in terms of the richness of archaeological and surface artifacts. It is Egypt, which can compete with itself and contains an inexhaustible wealth. Italy, Greece and Rome contain the most significant works in terms of medieval and modern times.

Turkey is a very rich country in terms of number and variety of ancient artifacts. Egypt and Italy compete with him in this regard. Egypt’s own ancient civilization is an inexhaustible treasure. The Mamluk period is a color added to it. Italy recognized the ancient Greek civilization in its south and in Sicily. Roman civilization is undoubtedly evident in Italy with its most important works. But let’s open a parenthesis here. The most magnificent works of Roman civilization outside of Italy are in Anatolia and then in Syria. Italy, as a country that created modern civilization, has the riches of the Renaissance in almost every region.

Byzantium in Ravenna and some Islamic ruins in Sicily are a fallout. The most important wealth of Islamic civilization in the north of the Mediterranean is in the Andalusia region of Spain. In Turkey, the extensions of the Hittites, Urartians, Mesopotamian civilizations before the Greco-Roman period are spread over a very wide area. The central structures of Byzantine civilization are in this country. Seljuk and Ottoman civilization came on top with their most magnificent examples. Let alone the restoration of the Seljuk caravanserais that surrounds the country today, we do not even have a complete inventory except for a work by Professor Ayşıl Yavuz. It is clear that these are not limited to a few.

Architects and masters of every newcomer to Anatolia benefited from the experience of the old ones and even their staff. The basic structures have been preserved. Just as the Hagia Yorgi Church and the great mosque in Leda in Palestine are adjacent, the Hacı Bayram Mosque adjacent to the temple of Augustus in Ankara is not a rare example. What then is the destruction? The most important factor is the abandonment of cities. In all of Western Anatolia, port cities are established at the mouths of the ports, as in the case of Ephesus, which bears the title of Metropolitan of Asia.

This convenient strategic location enriches and enlarges cities, but alluviums carried by the river cut off the city’s connection with the sea within a few centuries. The swamp and disease dim the life and future of the city, and the great earthquakes deplete the city. A wealthy country, Aegean cities have not seen truly devastating invasions, but time and geography have done that. Historians who are confused by timing and geography in Western thought; They say that the Muslim Turkish invaders destroyed a civilization by burning and destroying these cities. However, it was the end of the 13th century for the Turks to reach Western Anatolia. It is not possible to understand how the 800 years between the 4-5th century and the 13th century were removed from this calculation sheet.

Honestly, no one makes the history of the depression in a region as meticulously as the sattical times. It is enough to look at the examples in the Ephesus Museum; For example, the colossal statues of Emperor Augustus and his wife Livian had the sign of the cross engraved on their foreheads and were supposedly baptized. Early Christians did not wait for Muslim conquests 1000 years later to decapitate and smash the heads of the gods, goddesses and emperors of the polytheistic world. When the Turks came to this continent, however, they preferred to rehabilitate the old cities.

Pronunciation is different in the names used, for example; Like Paleokastron = Balıkesir or Kengriyon = Çankırı or Tripolis = Tirebolu or Tefreke = Divrigi in the sense of “Old Fortress”. Establishing a new city in an unfamiliar geographical environment is crazy, I guess this exception was only tried in Bursa Yenişehir or Ermenek in Karaman province. Anatolia was not a continent entirely inhabited by Hellenes; If that were the case, we’d be Hellenized too. Countless languages ​​and tribes lived. For this reason, the country, whose conquest began in the 12th century, at the latest in the known history, became Turkish very quickly, and after a while, Genoese and Venetian merchants named our country Turchia or Turkmenya. Cities and castles appear in the most unlikely places on the coast and in the surrounding mountains. There are Georgian and Armenian churches in the Black Sea mountains and inland.

History of Turks; From the Steppes of Central Asia to the Gates of Europe

Imagine that a great tribe has traveled thousands of kilometers in three centuries… What does this do if it doesn’t change the world? This is how the Turks changed the world. For this reason, we do not need to produce an imaginary history and heroes, but only to learn the truth.

The History of the Turks begins with the debates on the origin of the Turks, who established one of the strongest civilizations of the Middle East when they were a nomadic tribe.

Subsequently, they migrated from Central Asia to Anatolia and Turkified the region and the principles of the culture they built there… All the details of the debates about where the name of Turks, a nation with a great heritage, a strong structure and historical richness, came from and how long this geography has been called Turkey…

The story of Anatolia, which took its present form with important wars and retreats, moreover, with painful land losses…

The reasons why Turkey was an important country for Europe and a problem to be dealt with during the 400 years between the Battle of Manzikert and the conquest of Bosnia…

Moreover, from the Oghuzs to the Kipchaks, from the Pechenegs to the Seljuks and the Ottomans, a great empire, and not only the Turks; The history of the Russians, Mamluks, Karakoyunlu, Ghaznavids, Safavids, Chinese, Indians and Arabs…

In other words, the place of the Turks, who have always influenced the civilizations that shared the same geography for centuries and played an important role in bringing Eastern and Western cultures to each other, is under the spotlight.

Source: Prof Dr İlber Ortaylı

Istanbul: A Collection of Beautiful Photos for Istanbul Lovers, Coffee Table Picture Book (Travel Photography)

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Rick Steves' Istanbul

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Turkey Travel Guide 2025: "Easy Planning for an Unforgettable Visit”

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Türkiye: Everything You Need to Know

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2026 (Full-Color): From Hagia Sophia to the Spice Bazaar, Bosphorus to Topkapi Palace, Experience the History, Food, Art, Shopping, Nightlife and Adventures of This Timeless City

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: Explore History, Culture & Hidden Gems – Your Complete City Guide to Hagia Sophia, Grand Bazaar, Bosphorus, and Beyond

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Turkey

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The Hundred-Year Walk: An Armenian Odyssey

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The Big Book of Turkey Facts: An Educational Country Travel Picture Book for Kids about History, Destination Places, Animals and Many More

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Turkey (Eyewitness Travel Guides)

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Lonely Planet Pocket Istanbul (Pocket Guide)

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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Fodor's Essential Turkey (Full-color Travel Guide)

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Lonely Planet Turkiye (Travel Guide)

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Ghost Empire: A Journey to the Legendary Constantinople

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Hospitality of the Turkish people is very impressive and also Turkey as a country too impressive as a whole.

We use the photograph essentially as a series of sketches, showing the expressions of ordinary people in Turkey so black-and-white photographs are used photographing people in Turkey has been a pure joy is Turkish people always exclude warm and openness at the same time this photographic instances are very meaningful as As we enjoy becoming involved in their lives staying in contact with them always

https://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/data2/BookSG/publish/0/0ff3ee6c-3cfd-4642-b48a-38024471f464/web/html5/index.html?opf=tablet/BOOKSG.xml&launchlogo=tablet/BOOKSG_BrandingLogo_.png&pn=2

Turkish people are the most welcoming people I’ve encountered in the 22 countries I’ve visited. They’re very helpful and proud of their culture. Although not many Turkish speak English, they would still go out of their way to try to help you. One time I was lost in the old town of Istanbul and my phone died. I was looking for the ferry terminal on Galata area (near the bridge). I asked a young lady for a direction, she said “no English” but she asked me to wait in a gesture. At first I was confused, then I saw her talking to other people, she came back minute later with a gentle man. She introduced me to a man who could speak English. I can’t thank her enough. I had a few other experience that sort of thing. I was very impressed. I’ve visited Izmir, Kusadasi, Ephesus, Pamukkale, and Cappadocia. I had the same experience. One of my very good friend whom I’ve met through YT comment section is Turkish. We’ve met when I was in Istanbul. He toured me around and he is the nicest person I’ve ever met in all of my travels. Even the cab drivers are very nice. I could say that Turkish hospitality are at par with Mexicans., 2 of my favourite countries.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7N1kXTYfpdE

Opulent Istanbul: A Journey In Style

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ISTANBUL: Great High Quality Pictures About a City Located In Both Europe and Asia, To Travel And Enjoy This Amazing City,40 Full Colored Pages,8.5X11 Inches

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Picture Book of Istanbul: Largest City in Türkieye and Former Known as Constantinople – See the Blue Mosque, Haga Sofia and More in this city Located ... Europe and Asia (Travel Coffee Table Books)

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Istanbul

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Turkey Travel Guide 2025: "Easy Planning for an Unforgettable Visit”

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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To the City: Life and Death Along the Ancient Walls of Istanbul

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Blue Guide Istanbul

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Slow Trains to Istanbul: ...And Back: A 4,570-Mile Adventure on 55 Rides

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The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (Mrs. Pollifax Series Book 2)

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Turkey Map 758 (Maps/Country (Michelin))

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Lonely Planet Turkiye (Travel Guide)

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Ghost Empire: A Journey to the Legendary Constantinople

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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The Big Book of Turkey Facts: An Educational Country Travel Picture Book for Kids about History, Destination Places, Animals and Many More

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The Christian Traveler's Guide to the Holy Land

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Lonely Planet Turkey (Travel Guide)

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The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria

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DIASPORA:

It is the 3rd in the world after Turkey, China and India in terms of the current presence of its citizens in countries other than the homeland (130 countries).

LANGUAGE:

Turkey ranks first among the countries that give place names in their own language in countries in geographies other than their own. Over 7500 place names in 100 countries are described as Turkish.

STATE:

• China (Shang State, Chou State)
• Russia (Golden Horde State)
• Iran (Ghaznavids, Seljuks)
• India/Pakistan (Akhun, Ghaznavid, Timur, Mughal)
• Egypt (Tolunoğulları, İhşidoğulları, Mamluk)

The Turks built the foundations of the ancient state structures of the East. The deep state structure is always Turkish organization and organizational. In more than 10 settled state structures and dynasties established in China, Russia, Iran, India/Pakistan and Egypt, the founding element has always been the Turks.

Istanbul in 3 Days| Travel Guide 2025| 3 days plan, local tips, Photos and Online Maps: What to do in Istanbul|where to stay|top restaurants|food guide|day trips|Google maps with best spots.

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Lonely Planet Istanbul (Travel Guide)

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Blue Guide Istanbul

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Turkey Travel Guide 2025: "Easy Planning for an Unforgettable Visit”

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Istanbul, City map 1:10.000, City Pocket map + The Big Five

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Slow Trains to Istanbul: ...And Back: A 4,570-Mile Adventure on 55 Rides

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Opulent Istanbul: A Journey In Style

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The Turkish Cookbook

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Turkey Map 758 (Maps/Country (Michelin))

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Rick Steves Istanbul: With Ephesus & Cappadocia

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Ghost Empire: A Journey to the Legendary Constantinople

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Picture Book of Türkiye: a Country Located in Two Continents – Europe and Asia – See Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Marmaris and More (Travel Coffee Table Books)

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Türkiye: Everything You Need to Know

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Turkey Travel Guide: Captivating Adventures through Rich History, Turkish Delights, Turkish Landmarks, Hidden Gems, and More (Traveling the World)

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Exploring Turkey's Biblical Heritage: An Inspirational and Historical Travel Guide

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Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

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DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Turkey

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“Then we have to remember that the Turks surrounded the world with the ring around the planet Saturn. There is continuity in the generation, not interruption. Unless we bring the continuity in time and ground to our minds, there is no day for us.

The strategy of the Turkish state should be the Turkish Belt. This strategy should be taught to all state administrators through Al Sancak-Red Belt training and a belt-wearing ceremony should be held.”

“Genetic). Wide Accumulation. Traveling (Planet). A person is also belted by being a veteran. Brain and Mastery. Hand. Waist. Tongue. Ancestors and grandfathers used to gird not only their waists but also their brains (wrapped turban etc.)”

Brain with Belt

The Turks also surrounded the world with a ring-like belt around the planet Saturn. There is continuity in the generation, not interruption. Unless we bring the continuity in time and ground to our minds, there is no day for us. The strategy of the Turkish state should be the Turkish Belt. This strategy should be taught to all state administrators through Al Sancak-Red Belt training and a belt-wearing ceremony should be held.

It is important that the works of a Turkish Belt that surround the world are museum-like, like The British Museum. While the Turkish belt phenomenon is real, China can talk about the Belt and Road Project. However, the Belt of China can only cross the borders of the People’s Republic of China with publicity and propaganda.

Turkish Belt

Turkish Belt, not the Turkish World. It is important that the TURKISH KENEŞİ, which started out as the five fingers of one hand, turns into a TURKISH BELT as soon as possible by traveling the whole world. Girdled will embrace. Relationships also gird the world. Turks living in 132 countries gave way to the formation of a Turkish Belt in the world.

While the term first appeared as a bond term in the Oguz Kagan Epic, it also showed itself in inscriptions and manuscripts. The concepts of World State in Farabi and Kut Belt in Kutadgu Bilig contain remarkable thoughts. Diaspora (Overseas Turks) and exonym (Foreign Turkish Yerads) gain importance when it comes to language.

The prevalence on the ground in terms of population and language has revealed the formation of a Turkish Belt. In addition, the compatibility with the civilizations on the ground has increased the prevalence even more. Similarly, although the Indians spread in the African continent and the Latins in South America, the Chinese could not spread and adapt outside their own countries except the USA.

The Turkish Belt has surrounded the world for 15,000 years with networks in activity that surpasses 5G technology, starting from Karahantepe and Göbeklitepe in Anatolia. It is the synthesis of 5G Networks of Turks Steppe (Step) and Agriculture Belt. Gaspirali, Galiyev and Gumilev in the list are Turkish intellectuals who have great influence on Russian Turkishness.

• Göbeklitepe (9600-8200 BC)
• Gokturk (552-744)
• İsmail Gaspıralı, 1851-1914,
• Sultan Galiyev 1880-1940
• Lev Nikolayevich Gumilev (1912-1992)

Turkey ranks first among the countries that give place names in their own language in countries in geographies outside their countries. Placenames in 100 countries are described as Turkish.

In terms of language, the Turkish language is spoken in 43 countries. The Turks, who internalized the geographies from Manchuria to Hungary together with the Steppe Belt, included the Mesopotamia-Anatolian publication into their coverage together with the Agricultural Belt. When all these data are evaluated together, what emerges is not a Turkish World devoted to a limited geography, but a Turkish Belt that surrounds the world.

The great steppe has become the biggest school of the nations it hosts. The burning sun, freezing cold, deadly hurricanes, impassable mountains, impenetrable deserts have developed a will of steel in steppe people. Motun, Tonyukuk, Cengiz, Temür… These are the children of the steppe school. Source: Ali Akar. Twitter. June 2, 2020

Western historians attribute the Turks’ domination of the steppe to their ability to ride horses, draw bows, and shoot arrows. However, behind this domination, there were thousands of years of knowledge (mind), ukuş (understanding), bilig (knowledge). From these came the power of the bow, arrow, and spear. Source: Ali Akar. Twitter. 31 May 2020

It is sad to forget the inscriptions (Yenisey, Orkhon, Altay) written on stone in the areas from Manchuria to Mongolia and Hungary, starting from 1500 years ago, as if they were written on ice. To expand the delayed entry of the printing press, which was developed 500 years ago in the West, to our country is the ignorance of not knowing that the printing house actually existed in the Uyghurs and that the Turks started their printing business in the 800s and gave the first examples on this subject, which is an even sadder feeling.

5G: The Largest Networks of 12,000 Years…

Step Belt and Fertile Crescent

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ISTANBUL: Great High Quality Pictures About a City Located In Both Europe and Asia, To Travel And Enjoy This Amazing City,40 Full Colored Pages,8.5X11 Inches

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ISTANBUL TRAVEL GUIDE 2026: Your travel companion To Explore and Enjoy the attractions of this must-visit destination. (Epic Journeys Travel Series)

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Turkey for Kids: Travel Guide and Activity Book: Discover Turkish Culture, History, Landmarks and Traditions through Games, Puzzles and Fun Facts (Junior Globetrotters)

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The first villages of humanity and civilization are in Anatolia.

• Catalhoyuk, Konya
• Cayonu, Diyarbakir

10,000 years of genetic accumulation is registered in our genes.

It is time to achieve great results by melting our Steppe and Agriculture past in one pot.

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Istanbul Travel Guide 2025: Explore History, Culture & Hidden Gems – Your Complete City Guide to Hagia Sophia, Grand Bazaar, Bosphorus, and Beyond

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Turkey for Kids: Travel Guide and Activity Book: Discover Turkish Culture, History, Landmarks and Traditions through Games, Puzzles and Fun Facts (Junior Globetrotters)

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