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Turkish Exonyms (Place Names) in Russia

North Caucasus Kuzey Kafkasya

Siberia Sibirya

Tatarstan Tataristan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_exonyms#Russia

Where is Yalta?

As the Allied armies closed in on the heart of Germany, the ‘Big Three’, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Josef Stalin, deci­ded to meet at Yalta, Crimea, in February 1945

It should not be forgotten that Yalta, where the bipolar world was established, where the Cold War agreement was made by Russia and America after the Second World War, is located on the territory of Ukraine and is located in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The new cold war order was started with the Russian attack in 2022. The starting point of the cold war in the world is Ukraine again.

And this is not a coincidence.

Ukraine literally means border. In other words, we can also interpret the border country of the bipolar world.

This is the message given to China.

The world is bipolar, you cannot be the second or the third pole.

Turkish Exonyms (Place Names) in 21 Countries of Eastern Europe

  1. Albania
  2. Belarus
  3. Bosnia-Herzegovina
  4. Bulgaria
  5. Croatia
  6. Czechia
  7. Greece
  8. Hungary
  9. Kosovo
  10. Latvia
  11. Lithuania
  12. Moldova
  13. Montenegro
  14. North Macedonia
  15. Poland
  16. Russia
  17. Serbia
  18. Slovakia
  19. Slovenia
  20. Turkey
  21. Ukraine

Novels by Turkish Author Ahmet Ümit

Farewell, My Beautiful Homeland (Anthem Cosmopolis Writings)
Part of: Anthem Cosmopolis Writings (16 Books) | by Ahmet Ümit and Rakesh Jobanputra | Oct 31, 2019

Patasana: (İngilizce)
by Ahmet Ümit | Nov 4, 2011

A Memento For İstanbul (Ciltli): A Novel
by Ahmet Ümit | Mar 29, 2017

The Dervish Gate
by Ahmet Ümit and n/a | Jan 1, 2011

To Kill a Sultan
by Ahmet Ümit | Aug 16, 2018

A Tale within a Tale
by Ahmet Ümit, n/a, et al. | Jan 1, 2013

When Pera Trees Whisper: Love Keeps Life From Being Ordinary. Murder Saves Death From Mediocrity.
by Ahmet Ümit | May 15, 2014

Ninatta’s Bracelet: Welcome to the hattıan land wıth ıts thousand gods
by Ahmet Ümit | Nov 6, 2015

Turkish Languages in Ukraine

Crimean Tatar language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language

Krymchak language – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymchak_language

Karaim language – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaim_language

Urum language – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum_language

Crimean Tatar language – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language

Gagauz language – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_language

Turkish language – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language

 

 

Turks in Ukraine: States. Peoples. Religions

5 TURKISH STATE in UKRAINE

  • European Hun Empire Balamir 375 -469: 94 years
  • Khazar Khaganate Böri Şad 651-983: 332 years
  • Golden Horde State Batu Khan 1236-1502: 266 years
  • Crimean Khanate 1441-1783: 342 years
  • Ottoman Empire Osman Gazi 1299-1922 : 623 years

TURKISH PEOPLES HISTORICAL

  1. Scythians
  2. the Huns
  3. Khazars,
  4. Pechenegs,
  5. Uz (Torque)
  6. Cumans
  7. Kipchaks

In the 19th century, the territory of Ukraine became the homeland of the Proto -Bulgarians of Turkish origin. At the end of the century, the Bulgarians left the region and left it in the hands of the Khazars , a tribe of Turkish origin . Kyiv, now the capital of Ukraine, was part of the Khazar Khanate until the middle of the 9th century. Around 860, it was taken from the Khazars by the commanders of the Viking king Rurik and became part of the Principality of Kyiv.

The first inhabitants of the Ukrainian geography are Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians . II. The German-origin Goths put an end to the Sarmatian domination, which lasted until the 19th century. The Huns , invading Ukraine in 375 BC , abolished Gothic domination. The Ukrainian land, which was emptied due to the migration of the Tribes caused by the Hun invasion, in the V. century, the İdil Bulgars of Turkish origin, VI. It was captured by the Avars in the 19th century. The effect of Turkish tribes that started in this way on Ukraine VII-XIII. centuries with the Khazars, Pechenegs, Uzs (Tork) and Cumans.continued.

The Middle Dnieper, Pripet river, Carpathian mountains and Vistula river sites were considered the homeland of the ancient Slavs (Kurat, p. 4). Most of the Slavs, who could not have political unity, were in the VIII. At the beginning of the century, it came under the rule of the Khazar Khanate. The early history of Ukraine is connected with the Principality of Kiyef, which was founded by the Varangians and destroyed by the Tatars in 1240. It is claimed that the Principality of Kiyef was formed by a Turkish tribe with a variant of “Kiy, Koy, Kay”, the first knez had the title of “kagan” and their center Kiyef was based on their name.

https://islamancyclopedisi.org.tr/ukraine#2-tarih

TURKISH PEOPLES TODAY

Ukraine: Turks: Religions

  • Karaim- Karaim: Judeo-Karaim Sect (Ukraine, Poland)
  • Krymchak: Jewish (Ukraine)
  • Romanians: Christian (Ukraine)
  • Urums: Christian (Ukraine)

 

——–  Muslim Turks:——–

  • Crimean Tartars
  • Meskhetian Turks

 

——Orthodox Christian Turks——–

  • Urums, Ukraine
  • Rumeys, Ukraine

 

Urums

Greco Tatars living on the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov in Ukraine are divided into two, namely Urums and Rumeys. The Urums, a little-known Turkish community, describe themselves as “We are not Greek or Hellenic, we are Greco Tatars. Helen is different, Greco Tatar is different”.

Urums are today the Ukrainian cities of Former Crimea, Balıklava, Kerch, Kefe, Yalta and Gözleve, the center of Donetsk province, and the cities of Mariupol, Zaparoje, Dniyepropetrovsk and 27 towns connected to these cities (Starobeşova, Starolaspa, Manguş, Granitnaya, Staroignatovka, Mirna, Staromolinovka). , Komar, Ulaklı, Bagatiri) and lives in the village.

In the official census conducted in 1989, it is reported that approximately 60,000 Urums live on the territory of Ukraine.

Urums, who are one of two different communities and speak Turkish, are descendants of Kipchak and Oghuz Turks.

Rumeys, Ukraine

The Rumeys, on the other hand, are a mosaic of peoples, including ethnically and genetically Turkish, Greek, Genoese and Latin peoples. However, it was revealed by Russian researchers that this community was of Turkish origin.

Greece is making great efforts to unite these communities living in Ukraine and the Greeks under one roof. In this context, the organization called the “Greek Federation” has been trying to prove the unfounded claim that the Urums, Romanians and Greeks are descended from the same lineage, through Greek language courses and various social activities since 1990.

However, today Urums and Rumeys and Greeks did not unite, as if proving that this view was completely wrong. Because the completely different features between the Greeks and this Turkish-origin Christian community create differences between these two peoples and prevent them from uniting.

Official government institutions established in Greece operate to ensure communication and coordination with these communities. In this regard, Greece, which also provides support from Western countries and funds, does not fail to help the region, and it is also stated that they sent some of the Greeks, Urum and Rumeys, who thought about the welfare of the people, to Greece and Southern Cyprus as immigrants.

 

–————– Jewish Turks———-

  • Karaim (Karaite) people. Ukraine, Poland
  • Ukraine

Judaism: Jewish Turks

Some of the Karaim Turks, who were subject to the Khazar State, entered the Karaim sect of Judaism.

The Khazars accepted Judaism in 740. Among the Khazars, Judaism was limited to the khan and his entourage, or mostly to the ruling and aristocratic group. Judaism was not limited to the Khazars among the Turks; In addition to the Caspian and Karaites, some Turkish tribes such as Kaliz, Kabar, and Kipchak also converted to the Jewish religion (Kuzgun, 1993: 194).

The Khazars, who converted to Judaism, used the Hebrew script, as we find examples of many Turks who converted to other religions. However, they preserved Turkish. History of Jewish colonies in Azerbaijan VII-X. stretches for centuries. The history of these Karaites, known as “Mountain Jews” in Azerbaijan, is probably related to the Khazar Empire (Güngör, 2002, C3: 279).

The Khazars, who first belonged to Shamanism, recognized Judaism in the 8th century with the arrival of the Byzantine Empire, persecuted Jews. However, the Khazar State preserved Judaism as an official religion until the end. So much so that, according to a rumor, the Khazar ruler, who heard that Muslim states demolished a synagogue, had a minaret in Itil destroyed in 922 (Togan:158; cited in January, 1983:61).

  • Karaim (Karaite) people 

Ukraine, Poland
Native to Crimea, Lithuania, Poland
Ethnicity Crimean Karaites (2014)
Native speakers 80 (2014)

language family

  • Turkish
  • Common Turkic
  • Kipchak
  • Kypchak–Juman
  • Karaim

Writing system: Cyrillic script, Latin script, Hebrew alphabet

official status:

Recognized minority Language in

  • Poland
    • Ukraine
    • Russia

The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Judaeo-Spanish. It is spoken by only a few dozen Crimean Karaites (Qrimqaraylar) in Lithuania, Poland and Crimea and Galicia in Ukraine.

The three main dialects are those of Crimea, Trakai-Vilnius and Lutsk-Halych all of which are critically endangered. The Lithuanian dialect of Karaim is spoken mainly in the town of Trakai by a small community living there since the 14th century.

There is a chance the language will survive in Trakai as a result of official support and because of its appeal to tourists coming to the Trakai Island Castle, where Crimean Karaites are presented as the castle’s ancient defenders.

  • Crimean Karaites

Total population ≈2,500

  • Ukraine (including Crimea) 1,196
    • Crimea 715
    • Israel ~500
    • Poland 346
    • Lithuania 241
    • Russia 205

languages

  • Karaim, Crimean Tatar, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian

religion

  • Karaite Judaism, Christianity

Related ethnic groups: Karaite Jews, Krymchaks, Samaritans, Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Crimean Tatars, Turkic peoples

The Crimean Karaites or Krymkaraylar, also known as Karaims and Qarays, are an ethnicity derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Karaite Judaism in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in the territory of the former Russian Empire. “Karaim” is a Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian name for the community.

Turkic-speaking Karaite Jews (in the Crimean Tatar language, Qaraylar) have lived in Crimea for centuries. Their origin is a matter of great controversy. Most modern scientists regard them as descendants of Karaite Jews who settled in Crimea and adopted a Kypchak language. Others view them as descendants of Khazar or Cuman, Kipchak converts to Karaite Judaism. Today, many Crimean Karaites reject ethnic Semitic origins theories and identify as descendants of the Khazars.

 

Donbass, Eastern Ukraine in 19 November 2021. Interviews by Turkish Journalist Okay Deprem

 

 

Turkish Exonyms in Ukraine

There exists over 300 Turkish place names all over Ukraine.

 

  • Budjak Bucak, Tatar Bucağı, Güney Besarabya

 

 

 

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_exonyms#Ukraine

Crimea: In the Footsteps of the Thirteenth Tribe

© Photos and Text by Okay Deprem http://www.northtravel.org/

A book by the famous historian Arthur Koestler was published in 1976, which created great controversy. The title of the work is “The Thirteenth Tribe”. Koestler, who is also a Jew, in his theory, claims that Eastern, Northern, and Central European Jews (Ashkenazi) originated in a separate, distinct tribe which gave its name to the book in question.

In addition to the twelve tribes, which are also described in the holy book of the Jews and descended from the sons of Jacob, the son of the Prophet Isaac, and each of which will form the Jews of the world;  Koestler points to the historical fact that in the Middle Ages, Eastern Europe was dominated by peoples and tribes of Turkic origin. Civilization and state, which the historian author actually implied concretely; seen throughout history; It is none other than the Caspian Empire, which embodies the only society that is ethnically based on Turkic tribes and has adopted the Jewish religion as a belief.

As a result of the barbarian Mongol attacks that shook Eastern Europe as well as the entire Eurasian continental area, immigrating to today’s Hungary and dispersing to more western countries, especially Poland, over time, they started to use the languages ​​of the societies and regions they settled and formed the Jewish communities known as “Ashkenazi”. The historian Koestler claimed that the main tribe from which the Kabars (Kavars) emerged was the Khazars.

Khazar state and Karaites (Karaims)

The Khazar state, shortly after the migration of the first tribes, from the 7th century AD up to 10-11 th century AD was ruled in an area that spread over a very wide geography in the entire north, northwest and north-east of the Caspian Sea and today covers a substantial part of the lands of Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Caucasus countries, especially the Russian Federation.

The Turkic-Jewish Karaites, who remained from the Khazars, as a result of the invasions of the Mongol-Tatar herds, who were the leading of the barbarian tribes that played the role of force in the development dynamics of civilization in the negative sense in history  which would disappear into history, and which have survived until our time, were the Turkic-Jewish tribes.

   

According to a strong and realistic theory, the tribe of the Karai sect of Judaism, who was exiled from the Byzantine Empire to the Khazar State in the 10th century, was settled in the Crimean Peninsula, which was once within the borders of the Caspian country. The Karaite sect, which started to spread rapidly among the Turkic peoples living in the Crimea with the Khazar Khan’s acceptance of the Jewish religion, led to the Turkish people who accepted it in time, also called Karaim.

Today, Karaites (Karaims) and their living traces in Crimea     

In our time, the Jewish Turkish community, which has spread from Belarus to Lithuania and Ukraine, from Poland to Romania and Russia, from Dagestan to Turkey, Israel and even the USA, is one of the nearby geographies where live and concrete traces of the Karaites can still be traced is the autonomous republic of Crimea in Russia.

 

To see two basic settlements, one of which is still alive today, with the traces left behind by the descendants of the Karaims, whose numbers have decreased to several thousand when calculated together with the community in Lithuania, that is, the descendants of the first and probably the last Jewish Turkish state that went down in history a thousand-odd years ago, my way goes to Crimea again.

Bektashi Lodge on the way to Çufutkale

After a long break on a warm and sunny spring day, when the last days of April are experienced and the trees are surrounded by an extraordinary riot of colors with colorful flowers, I am again on my way to the town of Bahçesaray, which is only 45 minutes by road from Simferopol, the capital city of Republic of Crimea in Russia.

   

This time, I am here to visit the other important civilizational heritage of Bahçesaray, which is mainly known for the Hansaray, the famous palaces of the Crimean Tatars. After driving a few kilometers further in the narrow and green valley that starts after the Palace of the Khans, I get off the taxi at the beginning of the upward climbing point, at the same time at the end of the road. Above, I am already beginning to see some structures and settlements carved into the steep cliffs that adorn the ridges of one side of the valley.

While I am walking through dense vegetation and forested area, a sign that I never expected appears on my way: “Dervish Lodge: Hacı Mansur – 15th Century” Before the Sunni interpretation of Islam dominated the Ottoman Empire, when the general population was Alevi-Bektashi, the Ottomans conquered the new Bektashis, who were considered the most moderate interpreters of religion, were settled in strategic regions in groups in order to assimilate the local population in the places more easily. Considering the year 1475, when Crimea was captured, there is no doubt that this place is the burial ground of the descendants of Bektashis who came to the region for the same purpose and settled there.

    

Çufutkale as a medieval cave-castle city

Çufutkale, a medieval castle, or rather a castle-city, which was built by the Caspian Turks in the 8th century and later settled mainly by the Jewish Karay Turks (Karatays) and lived until the 19th century, is derived from the addition of the word “kale” to “Çufut”, which is derived from the Turkish word “couple” occurs etymologically.

Just like in the city of Troy, Çufutkale, which houses layers of settlements from different ages on top of each other, is also called a “cave city” because it reflects the predominant settlement type in its early periods. The city, also known as the “Jewish Castle”, will be conquered by the Tatar-Mongol state in the Altun Horde (Golden Army) from the end of the 13th century and the Tatars will reside here until they settle in the Bahçesaray Plain a little below.

   

After you reach the top and come to the entrance of Çufutkale, a large fortification wall and a magnificent metal gate greet you. The first stop in the castle-city, which covers an area of ​​tens of hectares with the rock houses where the settlement was built in the earliest periods of the Khazars and almost exactly like the ones in Cappadocia.

Then it’s time to see the Karaims’ synagogues, which they call “Kenasa”. These stone structures, one of which is large and the other small, were built successively in the 14th and 18th centuries and survived until today as partially restored; They have a very original architecture with 2 floors, tiled roof, surrounded by mini porticos, one of which is wooden and the other is made of stone and marble columns and columns.

  

After leaving behind the temples where Hebrew inscriptions and pedestals can be easily read at different points of the courtyard and building facades, this time the stature and infrastructure of the stone-paved main streets and streets of the city is enough to amaze yourself. While high stone pavements decorate the sides of the streets surrounded by building and courtyard walls on the left and right, one or two rows of parallel deep water channels flow in the middle of the roads.

After leaving behind the cells where the monks lived, catacombs, temples, some agricultural structures and the chambers where the ordeal rooms are located, the remains of a mosque appear. These are the ruins remaining from the Canıbek Han Mosque, which was built in 1340 by the Altun Orda Han Canıbek Han, who came to power after the Özbek Han. The tomb built in 1437 for Hanike Hanım, the daughter of Toktamış, another well-known inn of the Golden Horde.

    

After seeing the tomb built of cut stone, resembling a Seljuk style architecture, I last visit the magnificent defensive walls, fortified places and monumental gates of the castle.

Çufutkale started to be abandoned since the end of the 19th century and turned into a desolation after 1920. I am leaving the region to see another Caspian projection building, leaving Çufutkale alone with its aura of millennial legends and myths.

“This article was published in the monthly journal ‘Hayat Dergi’.”

Çatalhöyük, The Dawn of Humanity in Central Turkey: Fertile Crescent

ÇATALHÖYÜK

Çatalhöyük Excavations: The 2009-2017 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project Series)
by Professor Ian Hodder | Sep 7, 2022


Communities at Work: The Making of Çatalhöyük (Çatalhöyük Research Project Series)
by Professor Ian Hodder and Christina Tsoraki | May 31, 2022

The Matter of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2009-2017 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project, 14)
by Ian Hodder | May 31, 2022

Peopling the Landscape of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2009-2017 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project, 13)
by Ian Hodder | Oct 22, 2021

The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük
by Ian Hodder | Oct 10, 2011

8200 yıllık bir harita: Çatalhöyük şehir planı = An 8,200 year old map : the town plan of Çatalhöyük (Turkish Edition)

James Mellaart: The Journey to Çatalhöyük Hardcover – December 31, 2020
by Alan Mellaart (Author)

Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2000–2008 Seasons: Çatalhöyük Research Project Volume 8 (Monumenta Archaeologica)
by Ian Hodder | Sep 15, 2013

Neolithic Site of Catalhöyük
by MURAT TÜRKTEKI. | Jan 1, 2014

An 8,200 Year Old Map The Town Plan Of Çatalhöyük
by Cevat Ulkekul | Jan 1, 1999

Last House on the Hill: BACH Area Reports from Çatalhöyük, Turkey (Monumenta Archaeologica)
by Ruth Tringham and Mirjana Stevanovic | Nov 30, 2012

Integrating Çatalhöyük: Themes from the 2000–2008 Seasons: Çatalhöyük Research Project Volume 10 (Monumenta Archaeologica)
by Ian Hodder | Oct 15, 2014

Çatalhöyük Excavations: The 2000–2008 Seasons: Çatalhöyük Research Project Volume 7 (Monumenta Archaeologica)
by Ian Hodder | Jun 15, 2014

Assembling Çatalhöyük (Themes in Contemporary Archaeology)
by Ian Hodder and Arkadiusz Marciniak | Dec 2, 2017

Unwanted Inhabitants?: The Microfauna from Çatalhöyük and P¿narba¿¿
by Emma Jenkins | Mar 10, 2009

Religion in the Emergence of Civilization: Çatalhöyük as a Case Study
by Ian Hodder | Aug 30, 2010

The Goddess and the Bull: Catalhoyuk–An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization
by Michael Balter | Jan 15, 2009

Protecting Çatalhöyük: Memoir of an Archaeological Site Guard
by Sadrettin Dural | Jul 1, 2016

Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East: Girardian Conversations at Çatalhöyük
by Ian Hodder | Mar 14, 2019

Assembling Çatalhöyük RPD (Themes in Contemporary Archaeology)
by Ian Hodder and Arkadiusz Marciniak | Oct 12, 2017